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Pharm - Quiz 4
Neoplasia; endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Endocrine System | Consists of glands that secrete hormones Hormones are released as changes in the body occur Hormones are transported by the blood through the body |
| What is hormone action is controlled by? | negative feedback mechanism |
| Parafollicular cells in the parathyroid secrete calcitonin | Parathyroid gland is big in calcium homeostasis |
| Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) | from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormones into the blood |
| That does the Thyroid Hormone do? | Regulates basal metabolic rate Critical to growth of the nervous system |
| Hypothyroidism | by insufficient secretion of TSH or thyroid hormone |
| myxedema | Hypothyroidism in adults |
| Signs and symptoms of myxedema | Everything SLOWS down: Slowed body metabolism Slurred speech Bradycardia Weight gain Low body temperature Intolerance to cold |
| Treatment for hypothyroid | Levothyroxine (Synthroid) |
| Levothyroxine (Synthroid) side effects | Hyperthyroidism and the associated side effects |
| Hyperthyroidism | Too Much Thyroid Hormone Secreted |
| Graves’ disease | severe form of hyperthyroidism |
| Hyperthyroidism S and Sx | Increased body metabolism Tachycardia Weight loss High body temperature Anxiety |
| Hyperthyroidism treatment | Propylthiouracil (PTU) (Propacil) Anti-thyroid hormone Can take a while to be effective – up to 12 wks |
| Adrenal Glands | Lie atop the kidneys; Cortex - Corticosteroids Medulla - Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Adrenal Cortex | Secretes corticosteroids (2 classes) Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone Increases the renal absorption of sodium in exchange for potassium More sodium and water retention in body |
| Glucocorticoid | CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor) secreted from the hypothalamus; Causes release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary glands; During long-term stress, mobilize the formation of glucose (release of cortisol); Potent anti-inflammatory |
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | Decrease production of corticosteroid |
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency S and SX | Hypoglycemia Fatigue Hypotension GI disturbances |
| Addison’s Disease | Primary adrenocortical insufficiency; rare; Deficiency of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Treated with glucocorticoid replacement therapy |
| Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | Common; Results from long-term therapy with glucocorticoids that is abruptly discontinued…pituitary has received message to stop secreting ACTH |
| Glucocorticoids Are Used to Treat: | Inflammatory and immune responses: Allergies, seasonal rhinitis, asthma Contact dermatitis and rashes Hodgkin’s disease, leukemias, lymphomas Shock Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease Hepatic, |
| Cushing’s Syndrome | Adverse Effect Can Occur During Long-Term use of glucocorticoids |
| Cushing's syndrome S an SX | Adrenal atrophy Osteoporosis Increased risk of infections Delayed wound healing Peptic ulcer Accumulation of fat around shoulders and neck Moon face Buffalo hump Mood and personality changes Hyperglycemia |
| Common glucocorticoids (end in sone or lone) | Predinisone (Deltasone) Hydrocortisone (Solu-cortef) Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) Dexamethasone (Decadron) Betamethasone (Celestone) Fetal lung development |
| glucocorticoids nursing considerations | D/C gradually Always use at the smallest dose possible for the shortest time possible Stay away from IV – go for the least invasive route |
| Somatotropin | Growth Hormone; secreted by the pituitary gland; Administered prior to the closure of the growth plates or is not effective |
| Growth Hormone Medications for Dwarfism in Children | Somatrem (Protopin) Somatropin (Humantrope) Not approved to stimulate growth in short children |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Increases water absorption by kidneys…conserves water in body Also called vasopressin…raises blood pressure if secreted in large amounts Diabetes insipidus - deficiency of ADH Massive amounts of urination |
| Diabetes Insipidus TX | Vasopressin (Pitressin) Desmopressin used for enuresis (bed wetting) - nasal spray |
| Cancer | characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division |
| Cancer cells | Lose normal functions Invade surrounding cells Can metastasize- the abnormal cells travel to distant sites where they populate new tumors |
| Adenoma | benign tumor of glandular tissue |
| Lipoma | benign tumor of adipose tissue |
| Malignant Tumors | Rapid growth, can easily metastasize Resistant to treatment Can results in death |
| Carcinoma | any malignant tumor derived from epithlial |
| Sarcoma | tumor from connective tissue (bone, fat, muscle, etc) |
| Leukemia | blood-forming cells |
| Lymphoma | lymphatic tissue |
| Glioma | central nervous system |
| Associated with a higher risk of acquiring cancer | Smoke Environment Sun Dietary HPV |
| Chemicals in tobacco smoke | Responsible for one-third of all cancers |
| chemical carcinogens associated with the workplace | Asbestos - lung cancer Benzene - leukemia |
| Physical Factors Associated with Cancer | Exposure to large amounts of x-rays - leukemia Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun - skin cancer |
| Biological Factors | Viruses - associated with 15% of all human cancers; Examples - herpes simplex viruses types I and II, Epstein-Barr virus, papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus; Immune system suppression (HIV patients Transplant patients) |
| Oncogenes | predispose client to certain cancers |
| Healthy Lifestyle Habits to Lower CA Risk | Eliminate tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke Limit/eliminate alcohol use Reduce animal fats in diet Increase fiber in diet - plant sources Exercise regularly Keep weight within normal guidelines Exam body monthly for abnormal lumps and ski |
| Radiation Therapy | High doses of ionizing radiation aimed directly at tumor May follow surgery Sometimes used for palliation with inoperable cancers - shrink size of tumor Relieve pain, difficulty breathing or swallowing |
| Chemotherapy | Transported through blood - potential to reach every cancer cell Some drugs cross blood-brain barrier - treat brain tumors Some drugs instilled directly into body cavities - treat bladder cancers Different classes affect different stages of the cancer’ |
| Cancer drug classifications | Alkylating agents Antimetabolites Antitumor antibiotics Plant alkaloids/natural products Hormones and hormone blockers Biologic response modifiers Miscellaneous drugs |
| Alkylating Agents | Most widely used antineoplastic drugs; Act by chemically binding to nucleic acids (DNA) and inhibiting cell division; Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) |
| Antimetabolites | Are drugs that chemically resemble essential building blocks of the cell; When CA cells attempt to construct proteins or DNA, they use the antimetabolite drug instead of the normal building blocks - This disrupts metabolic pathways; Methotrexate(Mexate) |
| Other uses for Antimetabolites | Rheumatoid arthritis Psoriasis Ectopic pregnancy M.S. |
| Antitumor Antibiotics | Not widely prescribed because of their cytotoxicity, but very effective against certain tumors; Cardio toxic; Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) |
| Plant alkaloids/natural products | Chemicals with antineoplastic activity have been isolated from a number of plants - Derived from the periwinkle plant; Vincristine (Oncovin) |
| Hormones and Hormone blockers | Used to slow the growth of hormone-dependent tumors (reproductive hormones); Anti-estrogen blocker chemo used for breast cancer - Many take is prophalaxis; Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) |
| Biologic Response Modifiers | Biologic response modifiers stimulate the body’s immune system No not kill CA cells directly, but stimulate the body’s immune system to fight the CA; Interferon alfa 2 (RoferoneA, Intron A) |
| Miscellaneous Anticancer Drugs | Some other miscellaneous drugs given to limit or counteract the toxicity of antineoplastics Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)- stimulates RB production to limit anemia |
Created by:
MarieG
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