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Microbiology ch1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why Study Microbiology? | -Bacterical Prevention -Human Health -Microbes being used for different meds -Bioremediation (using microbes to help clean oil spills or sewage plants) -Environmental significance (food webs, pest controls) |
| Where are microbes found? | -Just about everywhere |
| What is microbiology? | Study of small organisms that require a microscope to see |
| Major microbe categories? | -bacteria -algae -fungi -viruses -protozoa -helminthes |
| How are microbes named? | genus & species |
| Fields of microbiology | -basic and applied |
| Basic Microbiology | -kind of organism -Process -In relation to disease |
| Applied Microbiology | -Disease related -Enviromental -Industrial |
| Robert Hooke | -Built first compound microscope; coined term "cell" |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | -improved microscopy; observed variety of micro organisms (animalcules) -studied organisms from water/soil/air |
| Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Sehwann | Developed Cell Theory |
| Francesco Redi | -took three jars put a steak in each, left the first open, the second covered with a stopper, and the third with fabric -did this to prove biogenesis is real vs. spontaneous generation |
| Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis | -The idea that something living can just appear and exist from something non living, vs. life coming from life |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani | -provided evidence to support biogenesis -used broth and similar idea like Redi's experiment |
| Louis Pasteur | -also provided evidence supporting biogenesis -used a swan necked flask with broth also -identified several disease causing microbes & developed several vaccines in the future |
| Pasteurization | - in pasteurs experiment with the swan neck flask, the microbes settled in the neck only and not the base because of the way it was shaped. Hence he found a way to pasteurize the broth. |
| John Tyndall | -additional support for biogenesis |
| Robert Koch | -developed technique to grow pure cultures using agar -developed koch's postulates to identify disease causing agents -developed methods of isolation for pure cultures -did research on a variety of disease's |
| Infection Control people | -Ignaz Semmelweis -Joseph Lister |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | -suggested handwashing -instituted mandary handwashing with chlorine solution proir deliveries in order to reduce incidence of childhood fever |
| Joseph Lister | -"the father of asepsis" -instituted sterilization of medical/surgical instruments -provided support for germ theory of infectious disease |
| Immunization people | -Lady Ashley Montagu -Edward Jenner -Louis Pasteur |
| Lady Ashley Montagu | -used varialation -used smallpox vesicle to induce immunity in others for smallpox |
| Edward Jenner | -used cowpox virus to protect against smallpox |
| Louis Pasteur | -developed methods where pathogens are converted harmless and can induce immunity |
| Virology people | -Martinus Beijerinck -Wendell Stanley -Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase |
| Martinus Beijerinck | first to characterize virus' |
| Wendell Stanley | -proved virus' have properties of living substances and a chemical substance |
| Hershey and Chase | -proved DNA was genetic material of some viruses |
| Chemotherapy | use of chemicals that selectively inhibit or kill pathogens without killing the patient |
| Alexander Fleming | penicillium |
| Frederick Griffith | proved harmless bacteria can become capable of causing disease |
| Tatum & Beadle | used neurospora to prove genetics control metabolism |
| Barbara McClintock | Proved genes can change location on a chromosome |
| Germ Theory of Disease | Micro organisms can invade other organisms and cause disease |
| Generation controversy? | -Where did microbes come from? -spontaneous generation -biogenesis |
| Spontaneous Generation | non living substances converted to living substances |
| Biogenesis | all organisms arise from other living organisms |
| Koch's 4 Postulates (1st two) | -specific agent must be found in ever case of disease and not in healthy indivisuals -disease organism must be isolated in pure culture |
| Koch's 4 Postulates (last two) | -inoculation of sample of culture into healthy animal, must then produce the same disease -disease organism must be recovered from inoculated animal and same microbe should be found |
| Immunization-combating infectious disease through prevention (prophylaxis) | -immunity -vaccination |
| Immunity | development of resistance to further attacks by an infectious disease |
| Vaccination | -clinically inducing immunity by introducing harmless variants of pathogens which develops resistance without acquiring disease |
| Antibiotics | chemicals produced by one type of organism to that interfere with specific biological processes of other microbes |
Created by:
xovillani
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