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Micro Ch 1 & 2
Microbiology definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ubiquitous | Being, or seeming to be, everywhere at the same time |
| Microbiology | a specialized area of biology dealing with tiny life forms not readily observed by the human eye |
| Terms for microscopic organisms | Micro-organisms, microbes |
| Major Groups of Microorganisms | ~Bactera ~Fungi ~Protozoa ~Algae ~Helminths (parasitic worms) |
| Geomicrobiologists | Focus on the roles of microbes in the development of the earth's crust |
| Marine Microbiologists | Study the oceans and its smaller inhabitants |
| Medical Technologists | Perform tests to help diagnose pathogenic microbes and their diseases |
| Nurse Epidemiologists | Analyze the occurrence of infectious diseases in hospitals |
| Astrobiologists | Study the possibilities of organisms in space |
| Prokaryotes | Simple celled first inhabitants of the earth (~3.5 billion years ago); contained no true nucleus |
| Eukaryotes | More complex cell appearing about 1.8 billion years ago--containing a true nucleus |
| Photosynthesis | Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen (O2) |
| Decomposition | Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things. |
| Genetic engineering | Newer aread of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms. |
| Recombinant DNA | Powerful technology used for designing new organisms by diliberately altering DNA and switching genetic material from one organism to another. |
| Bioremediation | Process involving the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants. |
| Pathogens | Microorganisms that do harm to the human race |
| Organelles | Small membrane-bound cell structures that perform specific fx in eukaryotic cells |
| Viruses | NOT CELLS... Small particles that exist at a level of complexity somewhere between large molecules & cells--composed of a small amount of hereditary material wrapped up in a protein covering. |
| Spontaneous Generation | antiquated belief that certain living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. AKA abiogenesis |
| Abiogenesis | See Spontaneous Generation |
| Biogenesis | Statement that living things arise only from others of their same kind. |
| Francesco Redi | (Italy) conducted simple experiments where meat placed in a jar was covered with fine guaze and another jar of meat was left open. Maggots did not develop on the meat covered in gauze. |
| Louis Jablot | (France) Hypotesized that even microscopic organisms must have parents; supported by his experiments with closed heated containers and open aired containers. |
| Franz Shultze & Theodor Schwann | (Germany) futher defended biogenesis by experimenting with chemicals and hot glass tubes. |
| Louis Pasteur | Acclaimed microbiologist--clarified that air and dust were the source of microbes by filling flasks with broth but designing their flasks differently. One flask had a swan-neck-shaped, elongated tube and others were open to air. |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhock | (Dutch)was the first to create a simple microscope and record his observations... Sometimes considered the father of bateriology and protozoology |
| Scientific Method | General approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon - primary aim is to formulate a hypothesis |
| Hypothesis | A tentative explanation to account for what has been observed of measured. Should be in the form of a statement, capable of being supported or discredited by careful, systematic observation & implementation. |
| Deductive Approach | One of the most common ways to apply the scientific method--Scientists construct a hypothesis, test its validity by outlining particular events & performs experiments to test for those events... Usu an "if... then..." statement |
| Theory | A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event. Results from extensive testing that has stood the test of time. |
| Law | The point when evidence or accuracy and predictability of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached and a theory becomes principle. |
| John Tyndall | (England) Physicist that privided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust & air have very high heat resistance & that particularly vigorous treatment is required to destroy the microbe. |
| Ferdinand Cohn | (German botanist) Clarified reasoning that heat sometimes fails to completely eliminate microorganisms. Begining of sterility. |
| Sterile | Completely free of all life forms including spores & viruses. |
| Robert Koch | First studies conducted about 125 years ago clearly linking microorganisms with a specific disease. |
| Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes & Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis | Studied mothers giving birth and the resulting infections caused by microorganisms. |
| Joseph Lister | (English surgeon) First to introduce aseptic tecniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting & preventing wound infections. |
| Germ theory of disease | Invented pasteurization & completed some of the first studies showing human diseases could arise from infection. |
| Koch's Postulates | Invented a series of proofs that verified the germ theory & could establish whether an organism was pathogenic & which disease it caused. |
| Nomenclature | Process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species. |
| Taxonomy | orig with Carl von Linne who laid down basic rules for taxonomic categories aka taxa |
| Classification | an orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships & history. |
| Identification | Process of determining & recording the traits of organisms to enable their placement in an overall taxonomic scheme. |
| Domain | Huge, all-inclusive category based on a unique cell type |
| Species | Smallest and most specific taxon |
| Taxa Order (descending) | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (or division), Class, order, Family, Genus & species |
| Phylum | Used to describe protozoa, animals, bacteria & fungi |
| Division | Used to describe algae & plants |
| Scientific aka Specific Name | Always a combination of the generic (genus) name followed by the species name. AKA binomial (two-name) system of nomenclature |
| Evolution | States that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years & these evolvements result in various types of structural & functional changes through many generations. |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Atom | A tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties. |
| Protons | Subatomic particle that is positively charged. |
| Neutrons | Subatomic particle that have no charge. |
| Electrons | Subatomic particle that is negatively charged and surrounds the nucleus of an atom in an "electron cloud". |
| Nucleus | Made up of protons & neutrons in the center of an atom. |
| Elements | Pure atomic substance that has a characteristic atomic structure and predictable chemical behavior. |
| Atomic Number (AN) | Assigned to each element based on # of protons. |
| Mass Number (MN) | Assigned to each element based on the # of protons and neutrons added together. |
| Isotopes | Various forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons and thus have different mass numbers. |
| Atomic Mass (Weight) | Average mass number of all isotopic forms |
| Orbitals | Pathway around the nucleus of an atom in which the electrons constantly rotate. |
| Molecule | A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms. |
| Compounds | Containing two or more different elements |
| Formula Mass (aka Molecular Weight [MW]) | Calculated from the sum of all of the atomic masses of the atoms it contains. |
| Chemical Bonds | (Molecules) Created when two of more atoms share, donate (lose), or accept (gain) electrons. |
| Valence | Capacity for making bonds determining the degree of reactivity and the types of bonds an element can make. Higher valence - tendency of atoms with unfilled outer shells. |
| Covalent Bonds | Form between atoms w/ valences that suit them to sharing electrons rather than donating or receiving them (majority of molecules associated w/ living things are composed of single or double covalent bonds). |
| Polar | Occurrs when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds--resulting in one end of bond being negative and the other being positive. |
| Nonpolar | Electrically neutral molecule where atoms of covalent bonds have the same of similar electron negativity. |
| Ionic Bonds | Reaction when electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another and not shared. |
| Ionization | Occurs when an ionic bond is broken and the atoms dissociate (separate) into unattached, charged particles. |
| Ions | Unattached, charged particle |
| Cations | Positively charged ions |
| Anions | Negatively charged ions |
| Electrolytes | Substances such as salts, acids, & bases that release ions when dissolved in water. |
| Hydrogen Bonding | Bonding that does not involve sharing, losing or gaining e-s; instead are due to attractive forces between nearby molecules or atoms. (Creates a weak electrostatic force) |
| van der Waals forces | Weak molecular interax similar to hydrogen bonds that play major roles in the shape & fx of biological mol's--occurs when the e-s in mol's move about in their orbits and become unevenly distributed (significant factor in protein folding & stability) |
| Oxidation Reduction Reaction (Redox) | Phenomenon in which e-s are transferred from one atom or mol to another (often results in greater complexity of the molecule) |
| Reducing Agent | Atom (e.g. Na) that can donate e-s & thereby reduce another atom |
| Oxidizing Agent | Atom that can receive extra e-s & thereby oxidate another mol |
| Chemical Reactions | Mol's (incl those in cells) are constantly involved in breaking & making of bonds & the rearrangement of atoms - leading to changes in the composition of the matter they contain. |
| Reactants | Chemical substances that start a reax & are changed by the reaction. |
| Products | Substances that are the result from the chemical reax. |
| Chemical Equation | Shorthand to summarize the reaction - in the equation the reactant(s) are on the left of an arrow & the product(s) on the rt. (# of atoms must be balanced on either side of the arrow). |
| Synthesis Reaction | Reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule (reactant A + reactant B yeilds product AB) |
| Decomposition Reaction | bonds on a single reactant mol are permanently broken to release two or more product mol's. |
| Exchange Reaction | Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combination of the two |
| Catalyst | Substances that increase the rate of reaction |
| Solution | Mixture of one or more substances (called solutes) uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium (solvent). Solute cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling. |
| Hydrated | Occurs when a combound dissolves in a solvent & as each ion leaves the compound it is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules. |
| Hydrophillic | Molecules such as sugar and salt that attract water to their surface. |
| Hydrophobic | Nonpolar molecules such as benzene that repel water |
| Amphipathic | 3rd class of molecules (phospholipids in cell membranes) have both hydrophilic & hydrophobic properties. |
| Concentration | Expresses the amt of solute dissolved in a certain amt of solvent. |
| Hydrogen Ion | Under certain conditions, a single H+ can break away as an ionic H+ (leaving remainder of mol in the form of an OH-) |
| Hydroxide Ion | OH- formed from break away of H+ |
| Acidic | Solution in which one of its components (an acid) releases excess hyrogen ions. |
| Basic | Solution in which a component (a base) releases excess hydroxide ions. |
| Alkaline | AKA basic |
| pH Scale | Measures the acid and base concentration of solutions. A graduated numerical scale that ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). As H+ (acidic)decreases, OH- (basic) increases proportionally - at pH 7 (neutrality) concentration is equal. |
| Neutralization (reactions) | Aqueous solutions cont both acids and bases that give rise to water and other neutral by-products. |
| Metabolism | A general term referring to the totality of chemical and physical processes occurring in the cell. |
| Inorganic Chemicals | Small, simple structures playing diverse roles in structure and fx of living things. Considered inorganic if it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen. |
| Organic Chemicals | Most chemical reax & structures of living things occur at this level of more complex mol's (basic framework contains carbon bonded to hydrogens) |
| Functional Groups | Help define the chemical class of certain groups of organic compounds & confer unique reactive properties on the whole molecule. |
| Biochemistry | Realm containing the compounds of life (biochemistry)-- 4 main families: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids. |
| Macromolecules | Grouped from assembly of smaller molecular subunits & are often very large compounds. |
| Monomers | Macromolecules (except lipids) formed by polymerization -- process in which subunits (monomers) repeat |
| Macromolecules | Grouped from assembly of smaller molecular subunits & are often very large compounds. |
| Monomers | Macromolecules (except lipids) formed by polymerization -- process in which subunits (monomers) repeat |
| Polymers | Monomers bound into chains of various lengths (e.g. amino acids [monomers] when arranged in a chain they form proteins [polymers]) |
| Saccharide (Sugar) | Configuration of a simple carbohydrate such as a monosaccharide that has a sweet taste. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple polyhyroxy aldehyde or ketone mol containing 3 to 7 carbons |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer of 5 or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns. |
| Carbohydrate (Sugar & Polysaccharide) Divisions | Hexose - 6 Carbons; Pentose - 5 Carbons; Glucose (most common) - Hexose; Fructose & Xylose - pentose; DISSACHARIDES: Lactose (milk), Maltose (malt sugar), Sucrose - common table sugar or cane sugar |
| Carbohydrate | Most members of this chemical class resemble combo's of carbon & water--basic structure of simple carbohydrate is a carbon backbone bound to two or more hydroxyl groups. |
| Polyhydroxy Aldehyes (Ketones) | Carbohydrate having either an aldehyde or keytone group. E.g. glucose is an aldehyde w/ terminal carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen & another carbon |
| Cellulose | Long, fibrous polymers in cell walls in plants & many microscopic algae allowing them strength & rigidity |
| Saccharide (Sugar) | Configuration of a simple carbohydrate such as a monosaccharide that has a sweet taste. |
| Agar | Polysaccharide used in preparing solid culture media - a complex polymer of galactose & |
| Monosaccharide | Simple polyhyroxy aldehyde or ketone mol containing 3 to 7 carbons |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer of 5 or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns. |
| Carbohydrate (Sugar & Polysaccharide) Divisions | Hexose - 6 Carbons; Pentose - 5 Carbons; Glucose (most common) - Hexose; Fructose & Xylose - pentose; DISSACHARIDES: Lactose (milk), Maltose (malt sugar), Sucrose - common table sugar or cane sugar |
| Glycosidic Bonds | Links subunits of disaccharides & polysaccharides in which carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Bond formed when one carbon gives up its OH group & the other loses its H from its OH group - producing water. |
| Cellulose | Long, fibrous polymers in cell walls in plants & many microscopic algae allowing them strength & rigidity |
| Agar | Polysaccharide used in preparing solid culture media - a complex polymer of galactose & sulfur-containing carbohydrates |
| Chitin | Polymer of glucosamine (sugar w/amino acid functional group) and is a major compound in the cell walls of fungi & exoskeletons of insects. |
| Peptidoglycan | Special class of compounds in which polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids) - provides the main structural support to the bacterial cell wall |
| Lipopolysaccharides | Complex of lipid and polysaccharide in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria - responsible for symptoms such as fever & shock. |
| Glycocalyx | Outer surface of many cells with delicate "sugar coating" composed of polysaccharies bound in various ways to proteins (comb is called mucoprotein or glycoprotein). Fx in attachment to other cells or as a site for receptors. |
| Starch / Glycogen | Polysaccharides stored by cells in the form of glucose polymers that are readily tapped as a source of energy & other metabolic needs. |
| Hydrolysis | The removal of a water mol to break chemical bonds. |
| Triglycerides | Storage lipid incl fats and oils, composed of a single mol of glycerol bound to three fatty acids. |
| Lipid | Operational term for a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will disolve in nonpolar solvents. |
| Fatty acids | Long-chained unbranched hydrocarbon mols with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that is free to bind to the glycerol. |
| Glycerol | 3-carbon alcohol with three OH groups that serve as binding sites |
| Ester Bond | Bond that forms between the -OH goup an the -COOH |
| Phospholipids | Major structural component of cell membranes cont: glycerol bound to TWO fatty acids the 3rd fatty acid is bound to a phos group--the phos is in turn bound to an alcohol. Has a hydrophilic region on "head" of mol and a hydrophobic "tail". |
| Steroids | Complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones. |
| Cholestrol | Widely known sterol (steroid w/ an OH group). Fx: reinforces structure of cell membrane in animal cells & an unusual group of cell-wall-deficient bacteria called mycoplasmas. |
| Proteins | Predominant organic mol in cells. The structure, behavior, & unique qualities of each living thing is a consequence of the proteins they contain. |
| Amino Acids | Building blocks of proteins existing in 20 different naturally occurring forms. Consists of C linked to amino group, COOH gp, H atom & variable R group. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond forms bt the amino gp on one amino acid & the COOH gp on another amino acid. |
| Peptide | Usu refers to a mol composed of short chains of amino acids (e.g. dipeptide, tripeptide & tetrapeptide) |
| Polypeptide | Usu more than 20 amino acids & often a smaller subunit of a protein. |
| Primary Structure | Part of complex organization of proteins. Fundamental chain of amino acids. |
| Secondary Structure | Higher level of protein arising from numberous H bonds occurring bt the C=O & N-H gps of peptide bonds causing the whole chain to coil or fold into regular patterns. |
| Tertiary Structure | Arises through addtnl interchain forces & bonds bt various parts of the helix and pleated sheets--action to create addtnl H- bonds bt charged fx gps. |
| Quaternary Structure | Occurs in most complex proteins in which 2 or more polypeptides interact to form a large, multiunit protein. |
| Enzymes | Serves as a catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells--nearly every reax reqs a different enzyme. |
| Antibodies | Complex glycoproteins w/ specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses & other microorganisms. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Nucleic acid, master computer of cells cont special coded genetic program w/ detailed & specific instr for each organism's heredity. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Nucleic acid - "Helper" mols responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions & translating the DNA program into proteins that can perform life fx. |
| Nucleotides | Composed of 3 smaller units: nitrogen base, pentose (5-carbon) sugar, & a phosphate. |
| Purine | In nitrogen base w/ 2 forms: purines (2 rings)-adenine (A) & guanine (G), and 3 types of pyrimidines (1 ring)-thymine (T), cytosine (C) & uracil (U) |
| Replication | Occurs during division cycle of cell; mechanism for making a copy of DNA using original strand as a pattern. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Nucleotide cont adenine, ribose & 3 phosphates rather than just one. Belongs to a cat of high-energy compounds that give off energy when bond is broken bt 2nd & 3rd phos. Make it poss to rel & store energy for cellular chem reax. |
Created by:
JaeLaw23
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