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BIO 360
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is water most dense at? | 4˚C |
| Hyperosmotic | when the cell or body fluids have a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of solutes; so if a cell is hyperosmotic it will absorb water from surrounding fluids to reach an isotonic state. Often will lyse |
| Hypoosmotic | When the cell or body fluids have a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of solutes; a cell will lose water, and potentially crenate. |
| Isotonic | (refers to solutes) having the same concentration of solvents (I. E. saline solution is isotonic to blood) |
| Hypertonic | when a cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding environment (lyse, burst) |
| Hypotonic | when the surrounding fluid has more solutes than the internal cell environment |
| Isoosmotic | (refers to solutions) having equal osmotic pressure |
| What 4 things can affect enzymes? | Temperature, pH, salinity, hydrostatic pressure. (Which also changes their metabolic rate) |
| What does the solubility of gases depend on? | Nature of the gas, pressure of gas, temperature, presence of other solutes |
| For effective respiration in water species require what two things? | 1. A large surface area 2. A thin cuticle |
| What does countercurrent respiration mean? | Blood and water flow opposite ways. So the concentrations gradients make it so oxygen is less in the blood, flowing from water to their blood. |
| What does the rate of diffusion depend on? (5 things) | The direction of diffusion depends on concentration gradient. Rate is influenced by... 1. Partial Pressure Coefficient 2. Size of Particles 3. Solubility of the gas 4. Diffusion Distance 5. Diffusion area (cross section) |
| Why do ectotherms not require that much oxygen as endotherms? (cold blooded vs warm blooded) | Because they do not need to regulate their body temp. Plus they don't move around a whole lot. |
| What are the 2 reasons we have enclosed lungs? | 1. Protection 2. Needs to be wet for gas exchange, wont dry up |
| At rest, how much gas do the lungs hold? | 1650 cm3 1:5 |
| What is the respiration rate in terrestrial vertebrates regulated by? | CO2 levels |
| How does temperature influence water density? | Cold water is more dense than warm. 4˚C at the bottom of the lake, surface water can be colder or warmer. |
| Define phenotypic plasticity and give an example. | A single genotype produces more than on phenotype depending on environmental conditions. Ex) The height of an animal may be controlled by food intake. Although they have the genetic material to be a certain size, lack of food stunts their growth. |
| Why would homeotherms have the risk of maintaining a higher internal temperature? | It allows you to move at a lower external temperature, gives a large advantage over ectotherms - but there is a higher predation risk to maintain higher metabolism. |
| Define homeostasis. | The maintenance of internal consistency. |
| What percentage of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen? | ~21% O2 (Nitrogen is the primary component of atmospheric gas at ~78%) |
| What changes at high altitudes? | Partial pressures, not O2 content |
| In terrestrial animals why does the respiration gas exchange surface need to be moist? | O2 needs to dissolve in water prior to entering the blood. Any respiratory surface has to be wet. |
| What environmental challenge can this precipitate, particularly in arid environments? | At low relative humidity - membranes dry out. Evaporation can be a problem. |
| In water, the solubility of a gas depends on what 4 factors? | 1. Nature of the gas. 2. Pressure of the gas (higher altitudes) 3. Temperature 4. Presence of other solutes. |
| Is oxygen more abundant is warm or cold water? | Cold water. Trout can live in cold water, catfish can live in very warm water. |
| What are some difficulties of gas exchange in water versus air? | Viscosity of the water (most respiration in water in unidirectional) Most terrestrial animals breathe tidally. Diffusion of oxygen in air is much more rapid that in water -gill lamellae. |
| What 2 things might change with natural selection to allow the organism to breathe better? | increase the cross sectional to obtain O2 easier. Decrease the distance for O2 diffusion. |
| How do fish move water over their gills? | 1. Buccal opercular pump (reduce ATP expenditure, unidirectional water in through the mouth across the lamellae and out gills) 2. Ram Ventilation (pelagic fish swim w/mouth open to keep water flowing) |
| What are the three specific attributes of gills that allow them to extract oxygen from water so successfully? | Lamellae, counter current blood flow, unidirectional water flow. |
| Describe the lamellae in gills of a fish. | Non rigid, super thin and close, deoxygenate the water as it moves through the gills. They increase surface area and decrease diffusion distance. They collapse under the pressure of gravity - reduces surface area and increases diffusion distance. |
| Describe the counter current blood flow in the gills of a fish. | It is more efficient for water and blood to move in opposite directions. O2 is able to be removed from the water and diffuse into the blood along the entire length of the gills. Makes sure there is NEVER equilibrium b/w O2 conc. of blood and water. |
| Describe the unidirectional water flow in the gills of a fish. | It reduces energy expenditure - much easier than tidal pumping due to density and viscosity of the water. |
| What are the 3 ways terrestrial animals exchange gases with the atmosphere? | Tidal ventilation, Pressure pump, Suction pump. INSECTS - tracheae, ram ventilation, discontinuous gas exchange. REPTILES - diaphragm like structure. MAMMALS - Alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange. |
| Give 2 key advantages of having an enclosed gas exchange surface (lungs). | Lungs help fight 1. loss of water vapor by enclosing respiratory surface and 2. offers protection due to the thin membrane needed for small diffusion distance. |
| What does synchronization of breathing and locomotion do for an animal? | Reduces their energy use. |
| What gas leven in the blood has the most effect on respiration rate? | Terrestrial animals - CO2 levels, when CO2 enters the blood it becomes primarily carbonic acid, which lowers the pH and is easily monitored. Aquatic animals - monitor low CO2 levels. |
| Name at least 3 adaptations fish have so they can breathe air. | 1. Reinforced gills so they don't collapse. 2. use skin respiration on land to obtain O2, use gills in water. 3. Store gulped air in swim bladder. 4. Mouth - tropical fish. 5. Lungs - "lungfish" |
| Name 3 reasons why breathing air might be selected for a fish. | Depletions of O2 in water, Periodic droughts, living in tropical water, decaying matter uses O2, high temps (hold less O2 and more bacteria), heavily shaded - photosynthesis is more difficult. |
| What is homoplasy? | Hollow bones, distant species evolved same characteristics. |
| What are 2 things that control oxygen dissociation? | The Bohr Effect and The Root Effect |
| Name 3 reasons why breathing air might be selected for a fish. | 1. Depletions of O2 in water. 2. Periodic droughts. 3. Living in tropical water - decaying matter uses O2, high temp holds less O2 and more bacteria, heavily shaded less photosynthesis. |
| How much of the total body volume in mammals is the lung volume? | 5% |
| What are 3 advantages of the air sac in birds? | (It is not vascular so you can't have gas exchange, used as a bellows to force air through the lungs) 1. Give much greater respiratory volume. 2. Helps hold more atmospheric gas. 3. Increased O2 exchange |
| What are the 5 uses of blood in vertebrates? | Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones and heat. |
| Why is the hemocyanin in the plasma, when the hemoglobin in vertebrates is found in the RBC's? | Hemocyanin (copper) cannot cross a semi-permeable membrane (too big) so it's in the plasma. |
| Which group of animals have enucleated RBC's? | Mammals - no nucleus |
| What does adding organic phosphates do to hemoglobin do? | It decreases O2 affinity and increases dissociation |
| At high altitudes people have _____ DPG level because they need to deliver more O2 to muscles more efficiently. | High (but a llama has a LOW DPG, LOW dissociation and a high affinity at high altitude) |
| Why do fetal mammals have lower DPG? | They obtain their O2 from mom (Lower DPG means it can grab more O2 molecules for growing embryo = higher affinity, lower dissociation) |
| What are the evolutionary implications of PROPHYRIN being universally present as part of cellular enzymes? | For easy mutations to occur and the ability to carry O2 faster. |
| What is an open circulatory system? | Circulatory fluid comes in direct contact with the tissues. (Insects, non cephalopods, mollusks and tunicates) |
| What is a closed circulatory system? | Blood never leaves the system, no in direct contact with tissues (all vertebrates) |
| Name 3 circulatory pumps. | 1. Peristalsis pump - (tunicate = sea squirt) 2. Chamber pump - chambered heart (humans) 3. Skeletal muscle - contracts to move blood along 1 way valves (sharks, humans) |
| Why can mammals carry more oxygen than invertebrates? | Invertebrates only carry dissolved O2 from hemocyanin, mammals have hemoglobin and can carry a lot of O2. |
| Who has a higher blood volume per gram body weight, vertebrates or invertebrates? | Vertebrates blood volume is higher with the exception of fish. |
| Blood volume can be increased by what? | Increase frequency and increase the stroke volume. |
| What is the circulatory pattern and number of heart chambers for a FISH? | Simple 4 chambers, only 1 atrium and 1 ventricle. No pulmonary circuit, goes from gills to body and doesn't come back to the heart. |
| What is the circulatory pattern and number of heart chambers for AMPHIBIANS? | 2 separate atrium, 1 undivided ventricle. (Problem = mix of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood not efficient.) They have a shunt to under water they can shunt blood away from lungs and towards the skin. |
| What is the circulatory pattern and number of heart chambers for REPTILES? | 2 atria, 1 ventricle partially divided, but separation of oxy/deoxy blood. Shunt oxygen to bypass lungs (turtles) when under water to slow metabolism. |
| What is the circulatory pattern and number of heart chambers for a CROCODILE? | 2 atria, 2 ventricles divided, they can shunt the blood during diving to bypass lungs. |
| What is the circulatory pattern and number of heart chambers for MAMMALS and BIRDS? | 4 chambered heart, 2 atria, 2 ventricles oxy/deoxy blood completely separated. Ventricles are thicker (powerful enough to pump blood to the tissues) |
| Who's the coolest guy ever? | Acey Nixon |
Created by:
sstauffer7
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