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Ch 10 GU
Disorders for Test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urinary tract infections | Presence of microorganisms in any urinary system structure |
| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
| Bacteriuria | The most common of all nosocomial infections |
| Gram-negative microorganisms that commonly infect the urinary tract | E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas |
| Cystitis | Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder |
| The most common microorganism causing acute cystitis | E. Coli |
| TURP | Transurethral resection of the prostate |
| Specific gravity | Measures the patient's hydration status and gives information about the kidney's ability to concentrate urine |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
| BUN test | Used to determine the kidney's ability to rid the blood of non-protein nitrogen waste and urea |
| BUN range | 10-20 mg/dL |
| Blood Creatnine | A catabolic product of creatine, which is used in skeletal muscle contraction; only elevated by renal disorders |
| Blood Creatnine range | 0.5-1.2 mg/dL |
| Creatnine Clearance urine range | 87-139 mL/min |
| Osmolality | The weight of the solute compared with its own weight |
| Plasma osmolality | May be done when pituitary disorders are suspected |
| KUB Radiography | Assesses the general status of the abdomen and the size, structure, and position of the urinary tract structures |
| IVP or IVU | Intravenous Pyelogram or Intravenous Urography |
| IVP | Evaluates structures of the urinary tract, filling of the renal pelvis with urine, and transport of urine via the ureters to the bladder |
| Retrograde Pyelography | Examination of the lower urinary tract with cystoscope |
| Voiding cystography | Used to detect abnormalities of the urinary bladder and the urethra; patient voids while radiographs are being taken |
| Endoscopic Procedures | Visual examinations of hollow organs using an instrument with a scope and a light source |
| Cystoscopy | Visual examination to inspect, treat or diagnose disorders of the urinary bladder and proximal structures |
| Renal angiography | Aids in evaluating blood supply to the kidneys, evaluate masses, and detects possible complications after kidney transplantation |
| Renal venogram | Provides information about the kidney's venous drainage |
| Computed Tomography | Differentiates masses of the kidney; creates a three dimensional map of the renal structure |
| MRI | Uses nuclear magnetic resonance to obtain a visual assessment of body tissues |
| Coude catheter | Used when enlargement of the prostate is suspected |
| Foley catheter | Continuous drainage |
| Malecot, de Pezzer or mushroom catheters | Used to drain urine from the renal pelvis |
| Robinson catheter | Used to facilitate intermittent drainage |
| Ureteral catheter | Used to pass into the ureters |
| Whistle-tip catheter | Used if there is blood in the urine |
| Cystostomy, vesicostomy or suprapubic catheters | Used to divert urine flow away from the ureter |
| Condom or external catheter | Used for the incontinent male to minimize skin irritation and risk of infection |
| Amount of urine to cause urge | 250 mL |
| Bladder holds... | 750-1000 mL |
| Moderately full bladder | 450 mL |
| What is in the urine? | Water, nitrogenous wastes and salts |
| Albuminuria | Indicates possible renal disease, increased blood pressure or toxicity |
| Glucosuria | Indicates high blood glucose level |
| Hematuria | May indicate infection, tumors, or renal disease |
| Ketonuria | Occurs when too many fatty acids are oxidized |
| Leakocytes in the urine | Indicates infection in the urinary tract |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Act on the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic examples | Aldactone, Dyrenium |
| Osmotic diuretics | Act at the proximal convoluted tubule to increase plasma osmotic pressure |
| Osmotic diuretic example | Osmitrol |
| Urolithiasis | Formation of urinary calculi that can occur in any area of the urinary tract |
| Nephrolithiasis | Stones in the kidney |
| Ureterolithiasis | Stones in the ureter |
| Cystolithiasis | Stones in the bladder |
| Urolithiasis | Develops from minerals that have precipitated out of solution and adhere, forming stones that vary in size and shape |
| Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy | Alternative to surgery to remove kidney stones |
| Stones in the lower tract | Can be removed by cystoscopy with stone manipulation or by surgical incision |
| Azotemia | Excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Pyuria | Pus in the urine |
| Nocturia | Excessive urination at night |
| Asthenia | General feeling of tiredness and listlessness |
| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
| Ditropan | Reduces bladder spasms (antispasmodic) |
| Urinary retention | Inability to void with an urge to void |
| Stress incontinence | Involuntary loss of urine during physical exertion or when coughing, sneezing or laughing |
| Neurogenic bladder | Loss of involuntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention or incontinence |
| Neurogenic bladder cause | A lesion of the nervous system that interferes with the normal nerve conduction of the urinary bladder |
| Spastic bladder | Caused by a lesion above the voiding reflex that results in a loss of the urge to void and a loss of motor control |
| Flaccid bladder | Caused by a lesion of a lower motor neuron that results in pooling of urine and incomplete emptying |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra, presence or absence of gonorrhea |
| Nongonorrheal is called... | Nonspecific urethritis |
| Nonspecific urethritis may be caused by... | candidal or trichomonal infections in women |
| Prostatitis | Inflammation and/or infection of the prostate gland |
| Bacterial prostatitis | Caused by infectious organisms such as pseudomonas and S. fecalis |
| Prostatodynia | Pain in the prostate gland |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the structures of the kidney; renal pelvis, renal tubules, and interstitial tissue |
| Pyelonephritis is almost always caused by... | E. coli |
| Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is confirmed by... | Pus and blood in the urine |
| Urinary obstruction | Obstruction at any point within the urinary tract |
| Hydronephrosis | The dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces |
| Hydronephrosis is caused by... | Obstructions in the lower urinary tract, the ureters or the kidneys |
| Micturation | Voiding |
| Majority of renal tumors are... | Malignant adenocarcinomas, also known as renal carcinoma |
| The bladder | Is the most common site of cancer in the urinary tract |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy | The prostate enlarges, exerting pressue on the urethra and neck of the bladder which prevents complete emptying |
| Prostatic cancer is most common in... | Men over 50 |
| Nephritis | Characterized by inflammation of the kidney and abnormal function |
| Glomerulonephritis | Preceded by an infection |
| Renal failure | Kidney's inability to remove wastes, concentrate urine and conserve or eliminate electrolytes |
| Most common cause of renal failure | Diabetes |
| Chronic renal failure | Kidneys are unable to regain normal function |
| Dialysis | Medical procedure for the removal of certain elements from the blood |
| Nephrectomy | Surgical removal of the kidney |
| Partial nephrectomy | Removal of only the diseased or infected portion of the kidney |
| Radical nephrectmy | Removing the entire kidney, a section of the ureter, the adrenal gland, and the fatty tissues surrounding the kidney |
| Nephrostomy | Incision created between the kidney and the skin to drain urine directly from the renal pelvis |
Created by:
caysmommy03
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