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Biology

QuestionAnswer
Living things are made up of at least 1 cell
Term that means one cell unicellular
Term meaning many cells multicellular
Examples of a unicellular organisms bacterium and amoeba
Stable, internal environment homeostasis
Two examples of homeostasis sweating and shivering
Homeostasis is mainly performed unconsciously
Genetic material DNA
Reproduction that only takes one parent asexual reproduction
Two examples of asexual reproduction Binary fission and cloning
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm sexual reproduction
Result of sexual reproduction zygote
Organization is seen in organisms as systems, organs, tissues, and cells
The ability to need and obtain energy metabolism
Organisms that make their own food autotrophs
Organisms that feed on other organisms heterotrophs
Some organisms can move, respond to stimuli, and communicate
Water is made of two hydrogen and one oxygen
Hydrogen and oxygen are connected by covalent bonds
Water is polar covalent because the larger oxygen pulls the electrons closer
The oxygen in H2O has a negative charge
The hydrogen in H2O has a positive charge
Water is known as a universal solvent
Water dissolves other polar molecules
Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules due to the hydrogen bonds
The property of attraction between different molecules of water cohesion
When water is attracted to unlike surfaces such as a windshield adhesion
Water will move up narrow tubes against gravity because of the properties of adhesion and cohesion
It is hard to heat up or cool down water quickly because it has a high specific heat
The property of cohesion also causes containers of water to form a barrier or skin n top of them due to water molecules sticking together surface tension due to cohesion
Water can break the bonds of ionic compounds
Carbon has this many electrons and can therefore have up to that many bonds with other elements four
Carbon can combine with a variety of other elements and can form compounds of different shapes
Term that means one molecule monomer
Term that means many molecules polymer
Another name for a polymer is a macromolecule
Macromolecules are formed by the condensation reaction where _____ is removed and 2 or more ________ chemically combine to form 1 larger molecule water monomers
The reaction that forms macromolecules usually requires lots of energy
When the bond is broken between monomers and water is added hydrolysis
Hydrolysis usually releases energy
Four macromolecules of life lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio carbohydrates
The function for carbohydrates is ________ and ___________ energy and respiration
Term meaning a functional subunit monosaccharide
Many carbohydrate names as seen in sugars, end in the suffix ose
Examples of carbohydrates ending in ose are glucose and lactose
Cellulose and ___________ are also carbohydrates starch
Glucose has the formula of C6H12O6
Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The function of lipids is stored energy, structure, protection, and hormones
The functional subunit of lipids is fatty acid
Another name for a lipid fats
Examples of lipids ate oils, lard, steroids, and ear wax
Fatty acids have _____ end(s) two
One end of a lipid avoids water and is called hydrophobic
One end of a lipid likes water and is called hydrophilic
Three classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes
Nucleic acids are made of 5 carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases
The function of nucleic acids is to carry ___________ also known as the instructions for making _______ hereditary info/ proteins
The functional subunit of nucleic acids is the nucleotides
Two nucleic acids DNA and RNA
DNA has ______ strand(s) while RNA has _______ strand(s) 2/1
Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
The functions of proteins are structure, hormones, communication, and catalysts
The functional subunit of proteins is the amino acids
Two examples of proteins are neurotransmitters and enzymes
A polypeptide is defined as a chain of _______ _______, so proteins are really chains of several ___________ chains amino acids/ polypeptide
Two or more amino acids make a _______ and _________ polypeptide/ proteins
The bonds between the amino acids that make up proteins are called ________ _______ peptide bonds
There are only about ______ amino acids 20
The shape of the protein will determine its function
The shape of the protein is determined by the ____ group on the amino acids R
Enzymes are special proteins
Enzymes help _______ _____ chemical reactions speed up
Enzymes are also called catalysts
Enzymes are very specific so they only react with a certain substrate
Enzymes are not _______ during chemical reaction so you can _______ them altered/ reuse
Two factors that affect how well enzymes work are temperature and pH
You can spot the name of an enzyme easily because it will often end in the suffix ase
Examples of enzymes would be lactase, galactase, and DNA polymerase
The way enzymes work is referred to as the ________ and _______ method lock and key
One enzyme is shaped to fit a certain substraight
When enzymes shapes are altered it is called denaturing
Enzymes that have been denatured will not fit into the other substraight and work
Enzymes can be denatured when a person's temperature gets too high
The basic unit of matter atom
Center of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons nucleus
Part of an atom that is positive protons
Part of an atom that is negative electron
Part of an atom that is neutral neutron
Atoms are neutral because they have an equal number of _________ as _________ protons/electrons
Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom chemical element
The number of protons element's atomic number
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as isotopes
Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers
All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons
Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a definite proportion chemical compound
Table salt has a 1:1 ratio for what two elements sodium and chlorine
Holds atoms in compounds together covalent bonds
Electrons are shared between atoms in this bond covalent
One or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another in this type of bond ionic bond
Positive and negative charged atoms ion
An atom that loses electrons has a _______ charge positive
The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds molecule
Atoms can share _____ electrons and form a triple bond six
In a water molecule each hydrogen atom forms a _____ covalent bond single
The slight attractions that develop between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules are called ________________ forces Van der Waals
A water molecule is _________ neutral
A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
The attraction between the hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another is an example of a __________ bond hydrogen
The strongest bonds that form between molecules hydrogen bonds
Attraction between molecules of the same substance cohesion
Attraction between molecules of a different substance adhesion
Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but mot chemically combined mixture
A mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly mixed solution
The greatest solvent in the world water
Mixture of water and non dissolved material suspension
A substance that is dissolved into another substance solute
A substance that dissolves another substance solvent
_______ water molecule in 550 million reacts and forms ions making water _________ one/ neutral
The pH scale indicates the concentration of ___ ions in a solution H+
How many more H+ ions does a solution with a pH of 4 have than a solution with a pH of 5? 10
Any compound that forms H+ ions in a solution acid
Strong bases have pH values ranging from __ to __ 11 to 14
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH buffers
How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have? 4
What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length it can bond to other carbon atoms
The process that forms macromolecules polymerization
Formes when monomers join polymers
The four groups of organic compounds found in living things carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
What atoms make up carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Examples of carbohydrates starches and sugars
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy
Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for ________ and ________ strength and rigidity
Single sugar molecules are also called monosaccharides
Three monosaccharides are galactose, fructose, and glucose
Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides polysaccharides
Plants store excess sugar by _________ ________ and animals store it by ____________ _______ plant starch and animal starch
Lipids are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen
Three common categories of lipids fats, oils, and waxes
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids
Fats are used in living things as parts of _______ _________, to ______ ______, and as ________ ___________ biological membranes, store energy, and chemical messengers
Each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond saturated lipid
When a lipid is a liquid at room temperature unsaturated lipid
A lipid's fatty acids contain more than one double bond polyunsaturated lipid
Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous
The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of what three parts 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
The function of nucleic acids in living things is to store and transmit hereditary or genetic info
Two kinds of nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Proteins contain what kinds of atoms nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids
Four roles that proteins play in living things control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes/form bones and muscles/transport substances into or out of cells/help fight disease
Process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another chemical reaction
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction reactants
Elements or compounds produced by chemical reaction products
Chemical reactions always involve changes in chemical bonds
What is released or stored whenever chemical bonds form or are broken energy
What do chemical reactions that absorb energy need to occur energy
What chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started activation energy
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction catalyst
Proteins that act as biological catalysts enzymes
What do enzymes do? speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells
Where the enzyme's name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates
Why are the active site and the substrates in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction often compared to a lock and key? the fit between them is so precise
The binding together of an enzyme and a substrate forms an enzyme-substrate complex
Most cells have proteins that turn on and off enzymes during critical stages in the life of a cell to regulate the activity of enzymes
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