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Ch1 Biology s.storer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science | an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence abput the natural world |
| Science refers to what? | The body of knowledge that scientific studies have gathered over the years |
| What are the goals of science? | 1. To provide natural explanations for events in the natural world. To use those explanations to understand patterns in nature to make useful predictions about natural events |
| What does constant change mean for science? | Science hasn't failed...it has just changed. It shows that science continues to advance |
| Observation | a process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful ordery way |
| Inference | a logical interperetationbased on prior knowledgeand experience. |
| Hypothesis | possible explanation for a set of observations that CAN BE TESTED in ways that support or reject it |
| Controlled Experiment | experiment in which nly one variable was changed |
| Independent Variable | factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed (also called the manipulative variable) |
| Dependent Variable | variale that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable (also called the responding variable) |
| Control Group | group in an experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable |
| Experimental Group | group in an experiment for which the independent variable has changed (the group being experimented on) |
| Data | informationgathered from observations; evidence |
| Quantitative Data | numbers obtained by counting or measuring |
| Qualitative Data | descriptive, involves characteristics that cannot be counted (normally found by using the five senses) |
| What is the scientific meathod? | Observing and asking questions Making inferences and formatting hypotheses Conducting controlled experiments Collecting and analyzing data Drawing conclusions |
| Explain Observing and Asking Questions | Scientific investigations begin with observation Uses senses directly or indirectly (by using instruments---->microscopes) Some instruments allow observation of things that the senses cannot detect (radiation) |
| Explain Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis | Scientists use further observations to make inferences. Using imagination you can turn an inference into a hypothesis. It may not always be correct, but it can always be tested. |
| Explain Designing a Controlled Experiment | testing a scientific hypothesis often involves designing an experiment that keeps track of variables like light, temperature, time, and avaliability of nutrients. |
| Why must all of the variables but one be controlled in an experiment? | If several variables are changed in the experiment, researchers can't easily tell which variable is responsible for any results they observe |
| What are the two main types of data? | Quantitative and qualitative |
| Explain Drawing Conclusions | Scientists use data to support, refute, or revise the question being tested. Hypotheses are not always fully supported of refuted by one set of experiments. If it is wrong, you make a new hypothesis and test it again. |
| Theory | an explanation of WHY and how a specific natural phenomenon occurs |
| Scientific (natural) laws | are considered universal and invariable facts of the physical world. |
| What do the laws of science attempt to do? | To describe the fundamental nature of the universe itself. |
| Describe Scientific Theories | Theories are supported by large bodys of evidence. No theory is absolute truth. They may be revised and changed as new evidence comes about. |
| Biology | the study of life |
| Organism | any living thing |
| Stimulus | anything in an organism's external or internal environment that causes the organism to react |
| Response | a reaction to stimulus |
| Homeostasis | regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival |
| Metabolism | the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down material |
| Cell | smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all the functions of living things |
| Tissue | a group of cells that perform a specific function in the organism |
| Organ | several different types of tissue that function together for a specific purpose |
| Organ System | several organs working together to perform a function |
| Population | group of organisms of the samae species that live together in a particular location |
| Community | includes all the populations of different kinds of organisms living in the same place |
| Ecosystem | includes the community of organisims in an area, as well as the non-living factors of the environment |
| Microscope | an instrument that uses lenses to produce an enlarged, focused image of a specimen |
| Compound Light Microscope | uses a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps |
| Resolution | the ability to distinguish between two points as seperate points |
| What are the characteristics of life? | 1. organisms are composed of cells 2.are based on a universal genetic code 3.highly organized 4.respond to the environment 5.obtain and use energy6.Organisms reproduce 7.grow and develop 8.species adapt to their environment |
| What is stored in DNA? | All the information that an organism needs to perform functions |
| What must all organisms take in to grow, develop, and reproduce? | Materials and energy |
| WHat can reproduction result in? | Can result in an exact copy of parent (asexual reproduction) or duplication with variation (sexual reproduction) |
| What would happen without reproduction? | There would be no living things to replace those that die |
| What is the difference between the words GROW and DEVELOP | -To grow means to increase in size -to develop means to change in shape or form |
| Describe adaption | Enables them to survive changing environments Passed from parent to offspring |
| What are the levels of orginization? | Molecular level; cellular level; Tissue level; Organ level; Organ System level; Organism level; Population level; Community level; Ecosystem level |
| What is the molecular level? | The smallest parts such as DNA (genetics) |
| What is the cellular level? | Molecules interacting with each other make a cell Brain cell, cancer cell (oncologists---doctors who study cancer) |
| What is the tissue level? | Muscle tissue; cells in a muscle work together to make parts of the organism move Common to all multicellular organisms Pathologist---a doctor who studies tissue |
| What is the organ level? | Heart; organ made of muscle, nerve, and other tissues Leaves and roots in plants are organisms Cardiologist---doctor who studies the heart Pulmonologist---doctor who studies the lungs Neurologist---doctor who studies the brain and the nervous system |
| What is the organ system level? | Circulatory, digestive, reproductive systems Gastroenterologist---doctor who studies the digestive system Endocrinologist---doctor who studies the glands |
| What is the organism level? | All of the organ systems working together to form a whole organism |
| What is the population level? | group of organisms of the same species that lives together in a particular location |
| What is the community level? | All living things...all the populations working together |
| What is the ecosystem level? | No pattern here...this level includes all living and non-living factors of the community |
| What are some of the areas of study ibn Biology? | Anatomy, Botany, Cytology, Ecology, Ethology, Cryptozoology, Genetics, Immunology, Microbiology, Physiology, Taxonomy,and Zoology |
| What is Anatomy? | The study of the physical structure of humans and other animals |
| What is Botany? | Study of the structure and function of plants |
| What is Cytology? | (cyto=cells) The study of the structure and function of cells |
| What is Ecology? | The study of the relationships among organisms and their environment |
| What is Ethology? | The study of animal behavior |
| What is Cryptzoology? | The study of creatures, whose existence has not been substantiated |
| What are Genetics? | The study of heredity |
| What is Immunology? | Study of the body's defenses against disease and foreign substances |
| What is Microbiology? | The study of microscopic organisms |
| What is Physiology? | Study of the functions of organs and organ systems |
| What is Taxonomy? | The study of the scientific classification of organ systems |
| What is Zoology? | The study of the structure and function of animals |
| What is a triple beam balance used to measure? | Mass |
| What are the units for mass? | Base Unit---> grams (g), milligrams (mg) 1,000 mg=1g, kilograms (kg) 1,000g=1kg, MICROGRAM (µg) 1000µg=1mg |
| What can you use to measure volume? | A graduated cylinder, a beaker, a pipette, and a micropipette |
| What are the units for volume? | Base unit = liter (L), milliliter (mL) 1,000=1L, MICROLITER (µL) 1,oooµL=1mL |
| What do you do if you are measuring a liquid in a graduated cylinder? | MEASURE FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE MENISCUS (LOOK AT IT FROM EYE LEVEL) IF IT IS FACING UPWARD MEASURE FROM THE TOP OF THE MENISCUS |
| What do you use to measure distance? | A ruler or a meter stick |
| What are the units for distance? | Base unit = meter(m), Centimeter(cm) 100cm=1m, Millimeter(mm) 1,000mm=1m----10mm = 1cm, Kilometer(km) 1,000m=1km |
| 1 inch = how many centimeters | 2.54cm |
| What do you use to measure temperature? | A thermometer |
| What are the units for temperature most commonly used in science? | Celsius |
| What is the density formula? | d= mass/volume |
| What are the units for density? | 3 Unit= mg/cm |
| What do you use to measure time? | a stopwatch |
| What are the units for time? | seconds, minutes, hours |
| What is the progress of Biology dependent on? | technology (it extends the ability to observe) |
| What are microscopes used for? | to study organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
| What do Light Microscopes do? | focus light on a specimen using a mirror or light bulb (they can magnify up to 1500 times) |
| How are Electron Microscopes used? | You shoot a beam of electrons from the microscope to create an image |
| What are the two basic types of electron microscopes? | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
| What is an SEM? | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Used to study the surface of a specimen Scans a beam of electron across a surface, producing a 3D image Can magnify up to 10,000 times |
| What is a TEM? | Used to study slices of organisms These slices show internal structures of cells These can magnify up to 100,000 times |
| Eyepiece or ocular lense | where you place your eye (magnifies x10) |
| Coarse adjustment | "The big knob"; makes large adjustments to the focus |
| Fine adjustment | "The small knob"; makes small adjustments to the focus |
| Scanning objective | The shortest of the objectives; magnifies x4 on its own and in combination with the eyepiece it magnifies x40 total |
| Arm | Attaches the eyepiece and the body tube to the base |
| Body tube | tube that supports the eyepiece |
| Revolving nosepiece | rotating device that holds the objectives |
| High power objective | the longest objective; magnifies x40 on its own and in combination with the eyepiece magnifies x400 total |
| Low power objective | the medium legnth objective; magnifies x10 on its own and in combination with the eyepiece magnifies x100 total |
| Stage clips | hold the slide in place |
| Stage | platform on which the slide is placed |
| Diaphragm | an adjustible opening that allows different amounts of lights onto the stage |
| Light source | directs light upward onto the slide |
| Base | supports the microscope |
Created by:
sarah.storer.15
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