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Micro Q2
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration | Osmosis |
| Water molecules move out of the cell | Hypertonic |
| Water molecules move in to the cell | Hypotonic |
| Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism; all energy and material transformations that occur within living cells. | Metabolism |
| Destructive phase of metabolism | Catabolism |
| Furnish energy needed; ractions are exergonic; produce more energy than they use. Coupled to ATP synthesis | Catabolic reactions |
| Synthesis reactions. Consume more energy than they produce. | Anabolism |
| Specific in the kind of substance they will catalyze. Lock and key mechanism. | Enzymes |
| Loss of an enzymes characteristic. 3D shape | Denaturation |
| Removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life; including endospores. | Sterilization |
| Destruction of regenative pathogens | Disinfection |
| Act of introducing disease or infectious microorganisms into or on normally steril objects | Contamination |
| Agents that destroys a fungus | Fungicide |
| Agent that destroys or kills microorganisms | Germicide |
| Agent that destroys bacteria | Bactericide |
| Agent that destroys a virus | Viricide |
| Agent that kills insects | Insecticide |
| Kills larval form of insect | Larvacide |
| Use of poisonous fumes or gases to destroy living organisms | Fumigation |
| Invasion by animal parasites | Infestation |
| Inhibiting the growth of bacteria | Bacteriostasis |
| Microbial contamination | Sepsis |
| Disinfection directed at living tissue | Antisepsis |
| Scrubbing and washing hands, washing objects or surfaces, boiling water to destroy microorganisms. Moist heat is more efficient than dry heat. | Physical methods of microbial control |
| 100C for 30 mins to kill most vegetative pathogens | Boiling water & Free-flowing steam (more efficient) |
| 15 psi, 121C, 15+ mins. | Autoclave |
| 160-170C for 2+ hrs | Dry heat |
| Enzyme activity diminishes, and microbial growth slows considerably. (doesnt kill) | Bacteriostatic technique |
| Absence of water; microorganisms cannot grow where water is very limited or absent. | Desiccation |
| Use of high concentration of sugar or salt to control mocrobial growth | Osmotic pressure |
| Damages the DNA of the cell affecting replication processes. | UV radiation |
| Oxidizing agents; alter cellular enzymes; inhibit protein function. | Halogens |
| Active ingredient in bleach. Halogen. | Hypochlorites (chlorine) |
| Detergent which lifts microbes from the skin surface and the iodine kills them. Halogen. | Iodophores (Iodine) |
| Iodine crystals dissolve in alcohol. Halogen | Tincture |
| Denature proteins; lipolytic; 70% aqueous solution more effective than a concentrated solution. | Alcohols |
| 2 types of alcohol | Ethyl alcohol (ethanol or grain ethanol) & Isopropyl alcohol (Rubbing alocohol) |
| Strong reducing agents; inactive proteins by forming covalent cross-links between proteins. | Aldehydes |
| 37% weight, 40% volume | Formalin (formaldehyde) |
| Cold or liquid sterelizer | Glutaraldehyde |
| Denaturing enzymes; lipolytic | Phenolic compounds |
| Types of phenolic compounds | Phenol (carbolic acid), Cresol (derivative of phenol), & Hexachlorophene (derivative of phenol) |
| Surgace tension reducers; work their way between microbes and a surface and lift the microbes so that they can be removed with the wash water. | Quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS) |
| Microorganisms that establish residence but do not produce disease under normal conditions | Normal flora |
| Normal flora can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms | Microbial antagonism |
| When two or more different species or organisms live together in close association | Symbiosis |
| symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. | Commensalism |
| Form of symbiosis in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each other. | Mutualism |
| The host is harmed while the parasite receives some benefit. | Parasitism |
| Harmonious action of two organisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone. | Synergism |
| Sudy of the nature and cause of disease which involves changes in structure and function | Pathology |
| Study of the causes of disease | Etiology |
| Origin and development of a disease | Pathogenesis |
| Ability to produce pathological changes and diseases | Pathogenicity |
| Pathological condition of the body that presents a group of clinical signs and syptoms that sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differing from other normal or pathological body states | Disease |
| State or condition in which the body or part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that under favorable conditions multiplies and produces injurious effects. | Infection |
| Act of introducing disease causing germs or infectious material into an area or substance | Contamination |
| Invasion of the body or an area by macroscopic organisms | Infestation |
| A mircoorganism capable of producing a disease | Pathogenic microorganisms |
| Microorganism that routinely causes disease upon entering the host | True pathogen |
| Do not cause disease in their normal environment | Opportunistic pathogen |
| Resistance of a microorganism to the action of a drug or drugs | Drug-fast microorganisms |
| Drug-fast stains. Ex, Staphylococcus aureus | Drug-resistant stains |
| subjective changes cause by disease that are felt by the patient but are not measurable | Symptoms |
| Objective changes caused by disease observed by a physician, nurse, or others | Signs |
| Group of signs and ayptoms associated with a particular disease | Syndrome |
| Disease transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another | Communicable disease |
| Communicable disease that is transmitted easily from one person to another | Contagious disease |
| Disease that is not transmitted from one person to another | Noncommunicable disease |
| Science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted | Epidemiology |
| Disease that physicians must report to the US Public Health Service | Notifiable disease or reportable disease |
| Frequency or occurence of a disease over a period of time and in a relation to the population in which it occurs | Incidence |
| The fractionof a population having a specific disease at a given time; new and old cases | Prevalence |
| Disease that occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manor | Sporadic disease |
| Disease that occurs continuously in a particular region | Endemic disease |
| Appearance of an infectious disease or condition that attcks many people at the same time in same geographical area | Epidemic disease |
| Disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world. | Pandemic disease |
| Disease having a rapid onset, generally severe signs and symptoms and a short course | Acute disease |
| Slow onset, long duration | Chronis disease |
| Disease is existent without manifesting itself | Latent or dormant disease |
| Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there. | Local infection |
| (General infection) Infection that spreads throughout the entire body. | Systemic infection |
| Organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body | Focal Infection |
| Presence of bacteria in the blood | Bacteremia |
| Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood | Septicemia |
| Presence of viruses in the blood | Viremia |
| Presence of toxins in the blood | Toxemia |
| "First" infection that a host has after a period of health | Primary infection |
| Infection caused by a different organism than the one causeing the primary infection | Secondary infection |
| Infections cause by two or more organisms | Mixed infections |
| Period before apperance of typical signs and symptoms of a disease | Subclinical infection |
| Arises from microorganisms transmitted from outside the body | Exogenous infection |
| Produced or arising from within the body | Endogenous infection |
| Hospital-acquired infection; develops during the course of a hospital stay | Nosocomial infections |
| Organisms that harbor pathogens and transmit them to others | Carriers |
| Do not exhibit signs and symptoms of the disease | Passive carriers |
| Exhibit signs and symptoms of disease | Active carriers |
| Recovering from a clinically recognizable form of a disease; have not returned to original state of health | Convalescent carriers |
| Transmit pathogens for longer than a year | Chronic carriers |
| Disease that occur in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans | Zoonoses |
| Physical contact, droplet transmission, congenital transmission | Direct contact |
| Inhalation of contaminated soil or dust particles | Airborne transmission |
| Inaminate objects that can spread infection | Fomites |
| Insect/Arthropods | Vectors |
| Pathogen is carried on the outside of the insect vector | Mechanical insect vectors |
| Generally involve an insect bite; the insect vector harbors the pathogen and the pathogen may actually carry out its life cycle in the insect vector and/or the host. | Biological insect vectors |
| 1) Skind & mucous membrane. 2)Respiratory tract. 3) Digestive tract. 4)Genitourinary tract. 5) Placenta | 5 portals of entry and exit |
| When microorganisms are deposited directly beneath the skin or mucous membrane | Parenteral Route |
| Most frequently traveled portal of entry and exit | Respiratory tract |
| Feces, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, sputum, saliva, blood, pus, tears | Vehicles of exit for pathogens |
| Outer surface of the skin, mucous membranes, normal flora, tears and blinking, ciliary escalator, & flushing action of urine | Mechanical defenses |
| Inflammation, Fever, & Phagocytosis | Physiological Defenses |
| Body secretions, Lysozomes, Gastric juices, Interferons, & Compliment system | Chemical Defenses |
| Local physiological response to tissue damage | Inflammation |
| Systemic physiological response to tissue damage | Fever |
| Antimicrobial substances in blood and other bodily fluids | Body secretions |
| Digestive enzymes that break down microorganisms | Lysozomes |
| Of the stomach that contain HCl that inhibits the growth of microorganisms | Gastric juices |
| Defens against viruses | Interferons |
| Serum proteins that participate in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation, phagocytosis | Compliment system |
| Relative power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by the organisms to produce disease | Virulence |
| Reduction of a microorganisms virulence by diluting or weakening its pathogenicity | Attenuation |
| Sum total of body machanisms that inerpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products. | Resistance |
| Having little resistance to a disease or pathogen | Susceptibility |
| Ability to produce toxins | Toxigenicity |
| Presence of toxins in the blood | Toxemia |
| Kill host cells or affect their functions | Cytotoxins |
| Interfere with normal nerve impulses | Neurotoxins |
| Affect host cells lining the gastrointestinal tract | Enterotoxins |
| Specific resistance of the host | Immunity |
| Resistance to disease we were born with | Innate Immunity |
| Refers to the resistance to disease that a host develops during the course of a lifetime | Acquired Immunity |
| 4 types of acquired immunity | Naturally acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, Artificially acquired active immunity, Artificially acquired passive immunity. |
| Antigens enter the body naturally; by exposure to someone else that has the disease | Naturally acquired active immunity |
| Someone else produces the antibody. They are transferred to another person. Antibodies transferred from mother to fetus and from mother to infant in mothers milk. | Naturally acquired passive immunity |
| The antigens presented in a vaccine are artificially introduced to individuals. Their body then produces antibodies. | Artifically acquired active immunity |
| Performed antibodies in immune serum are introduced into the body. Antibodies are artificially transferred from one person to another | Artificially acquired passive immunity |
| Involves production of antibodies that act against foreign substances and organisms | Humoral ummunity |
| Specialized lymphocytes called T cells that act against foreign organisms or tissues | Cell-mediated immunity |
| Specialized lymphocytes. Production of antibodies. Humoral immunity. Clone into plasma cells that then produve the antibodies | B Cells |
| Cell-mediated immunity. Act against foreign organisms or tissures. Regulate the activation and proliferation of other immune system cells | T Cells |
| Most prevalent antibody in blood serum. Cross the walls of blood vessels and enter tissue fluids | IgG |
| Large size prevents them from entering surrounding tissues. First antibodies to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen | IgM |
| Most abundant. Found in mucous membranes and in body secretions | IgA |
| Found on surfaces of B cells and act promarily as antigen receptors | IgD |
| Type of antibody that is active in allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections | IgE |
| Foreign substances that stimulates the formation of antibodies, which interact specifically with the antigen. (Aka-immunogen. "nonself") | Antigen |
| Held in reserve for future response | Memory cells |
| Fight current infection | Effector cells |
| Use living, but attenuated microorganisms | Attenuated whole-agent vaccine |
| Use microorganisms that have been killed | Inactivated whole-agent vaccine |
| Use inactivated toxins | Toxoid vaccine |
| Use antigenic fragments | Subunit vaccine |
| Combines substances to try and produce a stronger immune response than is produced by a substance when it is present on its own | Conjugated vaccine |
| DNA vaccines; only remains effective until the DNA is degregaded | Nucleic acid vaccine |
Created by:
arc123
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