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DP week 1
Disease process week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the essential components of a cell? | The nucleus, cytoplasm and the plasma membrane |
| What in the function of the nucleus? | Contains DNA, RNA and the nucliec proteins |
| What is the function of the cytoplasm? | Has all the necessary functions ofr cell growth, expasion and replication |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | Vital for cell transport; to allow nutreitns to eneter and eleave the cell |
| How are cells coordinated in our body? | Cells are arranged into tissue, which form the basis of our organs; which are the building blocks of our various systems |
| How are cell intergarted in our body? | Cells are interagted in our body through autocrine stimulation, paracrine stimulation and endocrine stimulation |
| What is Homoeostasis? | The stable balance between the environment and the operating pressure of the cell. |
| What is reversible cell injury? | The cellular response to adverse exposure remains regulated/stable it can be reversed |
| What happens is the cytoplamic change during cell injury? | pH balance on the Na+/K+/Cl- levels inside and outside the cell |
| What is Hydropic change? | Hydropic change is also called cellular swelling because of increased influx of water into the cytoplasm, is reversible once energy source is restores or toxic injury neutralised |
| What are the nuclear changes in irreversible cell imjury? | hanges to the nucleus and loss of cell integrity or rupture and energy level are below cell survival limits |
| What are the following changes to a cell in irreversible cell damage? Pyknosis? Karyorrhexis? karyolysis? | Pyknosis: condensed chromatin/mass Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of nuclear particles karyolysis: Dissolution of nuclear structure and chromatin/mass of enzymes DNA and RNA |
| What are 4 imporant cuases of cell injury? | 1. Hypoxia (reduced oxygen) and anoxia (no oxygen) 2. Toxic injury either direct/indirect 3. Microbes through bacteria, virus and immune system (autoimmune disease) 4. Genetic and metabolic disorders, abnormal metabolism |
| What are 4 types of cell adaptions? | 1. Atrophy 2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Metaplasia |
| What is atrophy? | Is the reduction of individual cells or the number of tissues in a cell or a combination of both |
| What are 3 examples of atrophy? | Physiologic: The brain losses cells everyday and results eventually in a decrease of brain size Physiologic: Thymus tissue after puberty decreases Pathologic: lack of nutrition or stimulation. Eg/ Lower limbs after spinal cord injury “muscle wastage” |
| What is hypertrophy? Give an example | Hypertrophy is increase in size of tissue or organs by the enlargement on individual cells. Eg. Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles is common in body builders |
| What is hyperplasia? Give an example | Hyperplasia is from the increase in the size of the tissue and organs due to an increase in the number of cells. Eg. Response to a chronic injury resulting in corns or callus from tight shoes |
| What is metaplasia? Give an example | Metaplasia is a form of adaptation caused by cell change. Eg. A smoker will irritate the columnar cells of the bronchial mucosa and change into stratified squamous epithelium. When the Smoking stops it will revert back |
| What is dysplasia? Give and example | Dysplasia is the progression from metaplasia, pre-neoplasia stage as the exposure continues the cells undertake a non-uniform arrangement. Continued exposure will results in neoplasia |
| What are the 3 intracellular accumulations? | Anthracosis: Hemosiderosis: Lipid: |
| What is Anthracosis intracellular accumulation? | Anthracosis: Accumulation of “coal” particles – carbon. Can be cause by cigarette smoke/pollution |
| What is Hemosiderosis intracellular accululation? | Hemosiderosis: Accumulation of brown pigment blood; excessive iron pigment absorption causes liver disease |
| What is Lipid intracellular accmulation? | Lipid: Accumulation of fat in the liver, common in obese, diabetes and alcohol abuse |
| What is Cellular aging? | The process of adaptations and irreversible cellular events that can't be avoided or prevented. |
| What is the difference between "wear and tear" and genetic hypotheis? | Wear-and-tear hypothesis is the decline of cells and Genetic hypothesis is that our gene predispose our ageing process |
| How is Necrois tissue caused? and what is the mechanism for injury? | From exogeneoous infulcences; inhibits vital processes |
| How is Apotosis causes? and what is the mechanism for injury? | Either from endogeneous or exogeneous factors; Energy dependnet and vital processes remain |
| What happens to the cells during Necrosis? | Multiple cells are affected; swells and the membrane ruptures |
| What Happens to the cells during Apotosis? | Only singles cells are affectes, they shrink while the membrane remains intact |
| What happens to the cell during Necrosis? | Either Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis |
| What happens to the cell during Apotosis? | Fragmented; nucleic dust |
| What are examples of patholgic and physiolocgic forms of Apotosis? | Patholgic: Cell injury Physiologic: Limb formation |
| What is the differnece between necrosis and apotosis? | Apotosis is pre-programmed cell death; but can also be induced Necorisis: The changes in tissue brought upon by cell death |
| What is cogulative necrosis? | Most common form through rapid inactivation of cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzymes; caused anoxia. Eg. Myocardial infraction/heart attack. Can also “liquidfy”from accumulation of leukocytes which release lytic enzymes “pus. |
| What s Liquefactive necrosis? | Liquefactive necrosis: Is the dissolution of tissue into soft malleable state; occur in the brain and produce fluid filled cavity. |
| What is Caseous Necrosis? | Caseous Necrosis: Typically in tuberculosis patients; form of coagulative necrosis with limited liqidification. Often found in fungal infections |
| What is Enzymatic fat necrosis? | Enzymatic fat necrosis: Liquefactive necrosis from lipolytic enzymes; usually present on the pancreas |
| Where type of necrosis is usually caused by anoxia? | Cogulative necrosis |
| What type of necrosis is usually caused by dissoultion of soft tissue in the brain? | Liquidifactive necrosis |
| What type of necrosis is often found in tuberculosis and fungal infections? | Caseous necrosis |
| What type of necrosis pccurs in the pancreas? Amd what enzymes cause this? | Enzymatic fat necrosis; lipolytic enzymes |
| What is dystrophic calcification? And where is it iften found? | Dystrophic calcification is calcification of necrotic tissue. Usually in aortic heart valves |
| What is metatstatic calcification? Amd wher eis it often found? | Metastatic calcification is due to fluctuating pH levels from hyperglycaemia/vitamin D toxicity. Usually in the kidneys |
Created by:
ctb85
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