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biol102 test 3 bcc
Biology 102 at brookdale kingdom animalia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| characteristics of Animalia | multi-cellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile, diploid adults, haploid gametes, sexual reproduction, embryonic development |
| what did animals evolve from | choanoflaggelate protists |
| hermaphrodites | monoecious, each individual has both gametangia |
| gonorchism | dioecious, each individual represents one of 2 genders |
| sexual reproduction | meiosis for gamete production, fertilization results in diploid zygote, genetic variation |
| asexual reproduction | budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis, on parent, no genetic variation |
| early embryonic development | zygote->eight cell stage->merula stage->blastula |
| merula | solid ball of cells |
| blastula | hollow ball of cells |
| blastocoel | hollow cavity in blastula |
| gastrulation | migration of cells |
| germ layers | primitive tissues during embryonic development |
| diploblastic | ectoderm and endoderm (cnidarians) |
| triploblastic | ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (most non cnidarian animals) |
| ectoderm | becomes skin, hair, nails, and nervous system |
| mesoderm | becomes bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, connective tissue, and cardiovascular system |
| endoderm | digestive and respiratory systems |
| sessile | non-moving animals (attached) |
| radial symmetry | infinite number of planes on which to cut to produce equal halves |
| bilateral symmetry | one plane (oral to aboral)produces two equal halves |
| cephalization | observable head (came about with bilateral symmetry) |
| acoelomate | -no true body cavity -organs embedded in tissue -ex. flatworms |
| pseudocoelomate | -body cavity only partly lined by tissue from mesoderm -ex. nematodes |
| coelomate | -true body cavity lined by tissue from mesoderm -ex. annelids, humans |
| incomplete gut | one opening serves as mouth and anus |
| complete gut | mouth and anus present |
| segmentation | division of an organism into equal or unequal parts |
| protostome | -spiral and determinate cleavage -schizocoelous coelom formation (split) -mouth develops from blastopore -ex. molluscs, annelids, arthropods |
| deuterostome | -radial and indeterminate cleavage -enterocoelous coelom formation (folds of archenteron form it) -blastopore becomes anus -ex. echinoderms, chordates |
| archenteron | cavity becomes center of digestive tract |
| ecdysis | molting (shedding exoskeleton of chitin) |
| vertebrates v. invertebrates | -invertebrates lack vertebrae (spinal column) -35 phyla of invertebrates -1 phylum (Chordata) some invertebrates, most vertebrates |
| Phylum Porifera | -sponges -aquatic -filter feeders -asymmetrical -sessile adults -no tissues, just cell specialization |
| pinacocytes | cells covering body surface of sponge |
| porocytes | regulate water influx on sponges |
| choanocytes | food trapping cells (flagella) in sponges |
| amoebacytes | -sponge digestive cells -produce spicules of calcium carbonate or spongin -move through mesohyl |
| reproductive cells | sponge cells produce gametes |
| spicules | skeletal component of cells |
| sponge reproduction | -asexual -fragmentation -internal budding through gemmule formation -sexual -zygote->amphiblastula larva->adult |
| Phylum Cnidaria | -aquatic -radial symmetry -diploblastic -mesoglea (clear jelly) -incomplete digestive tract -tentacles with cnidocytes -nematocysts (stinging apparatus) -medusa or polyp |
| classes of Cnidaria | -Hydrozoa (hydras, man o war) -Scyphozoa (jellies) -Cubozoa (box jellies) -Anthozoa (coral) |
| Cnidaria reproduction | -asexual budding -sexual (zygote->planula larva->adult |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | -flat worms, tape worms -aquatic, moistly terrestrial, or parasitic -bilateral symmetry -motile adults -longitudinal muscles -triploblastic -acoelomates |
| scolex | head region of a tapeworm |
| tapeworm adaptations | -hooks for attachment -suckers for attachment -cuticle for protection -ability to produce many eggs |
| Phylum Nematoda | -1st complete gut -bilateral symmetry -motile -longitudinal and circular muscles -triploblastic -pseudocoelomate -cuticle -ecdysis |
| Phylum Mollusca | -mostly aquatic, some terrestrial -bilateral symmetry -motile adults -triploblastic -coelomates -protostomes -muscular foot (thick muscle for movement) -mantle (shell lining) -may have calcium carbonate shell, visceral mass, radula, gills or lungs |
| protostome larval stage | trochophore (tufts at top and belt in middle) |
| mollusk circulatory | -most open (blood released into hemocoel and re enters heart) -cephalopods have closed (only heart and vessels) |
| Class Polyplacophora | -Mollusca -chitons -8 plates |
| Class Bivalvia | -Mollusca -filter feed -little cephalization -scallops, clams, etc |
| Class Gastropoda | -Mollusca -snails and slugs -increased cephalization |
| Class Cephalopoda | -Mollusca -squids and octopi -jet propulsion -squid shell=pen |
| Phylum Annelida | -aquatic, moistly terrestrial, or ectoparasitic -bilateral symmetry -motile adults -triploblastic -coelomates -protostomes -closed circulatory |
| annelid segmentation and parts | -segments are metameres -setae (bristles) -nephridia (kidney) -parapodium (flaps on marine species) -septa seperate segments |
| annelid reproduction | -trochophore larva stage -clitellum -copulation and cocoon formation -32 to 37 metameres fused -mucus secreted to cover copulating |
| classes of Annelida | -Oligochaeta (earthworms) -Polychaeta (marine worms) -Hirudinea (leeches; from hirudin, the anti clotting agent) |
| Phylum Arthropoda | -aquatic, terrestrial, aerial -bilateral symmetry -motile adults -triploblastic -coelomates -protostomes -segmented with jointed body and appendages -exoskeleton of chitin -ecdysis -open circulatory |
| arthropod appendages | -legs -swimmerettes (pleopods) for aquatic -wings -antennae -mouth parts (chelicerae [fangs] and mandibles [jaw]) |
| Subphylum Chelicerformes | -Class Merostomata (horseshoe crab) -chelicerae=feeding pincers -Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites) -chelicerae=fangs (poison and digestive juices) |
| Subphylum Myriapoda | -Class Chilopoda (centipedes) -mandibles -one pair legs per segment -carnivores -Class Diplopoda (millipedes) -mandibles -two pairs legs per segment -herbivores |
| Subphylum Hexapoda | -Class Insecta (insects) -mandibles -flight |
| advantages of flight | -escape predators -search for new food sources -search for new mates |
| malpighian tubes | -filter waste (no nephridia) in insects -mix with poop and leave anus |
| pupation | -complete metamorphosis -some genes turned on and off - set aside gene |
| Subphylum Crustacea | -crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, etc -mandibles -aquatic -bamuools=sessile |
| Phylum Echinodermata | -spiny skin (calcium carbonate) -aquatic -radial symmetry -triploblastic -coelomates -deuterostomes -no segmentation -reduced organ systems -calcium carbonate endoskeleton |
| water vascular system | -echinoderms -movement -food handling -gas exchange -excretion of ammonia |
| madreporite (sieve plate) | water enters and exits the water vascular system |
| ring and radial canals | comprise the majority of the water vascular system |
| ampullae | bulb like structure above tube feet, like the muscle of the tube feet |
| tube feet | on bottom on echinoderms, suckered podium used for movement and food trapping |
| Class Asteroidea | -sea stars -star shaped body -mouth on bottom |
| Class Ophiuroidea | -brittle stars -distinct central disk -long arms -no suckers |
| Class Echinoidea | -sea urchins, sand dollars -spherical or disk shaped -no arms -slow movement |
| Class Crinoidea | -sea lilies, feather stars - feathered arms surrounding upward pointing mouth |
| Class Holothuroidea | -Sea cucumbers -five rows of tube feet -eject own stomach in defense |
| Phylum Chordata | -bilateral symmetry -triploblastic -coelomates -deuterstomes -notochord (stiff rod becomes spine) -dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes nervous system) -pharyngeal gill slits (disappear in terrestrial chordates) -post anal tail (cocxyx) |
| Subphylum Urochordata | -turnicates, sea squirts, sea grapes -sessile adults -filter feed -larval stage varies from adult -invertebrate (notochord does not become vertebrae) |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | -Lancelets (blade) -sand burrowers -motile adults -juvenile smaller, but identical -invertebrate (notochord does not become vertebrae) |
| craniates | -develop cranium (skull) -ectoderm forms neural tube -develops from dorsal hollow nerve cord |
| Class Myxini | -hagfishes -cranium of cartilage -lacks jaw and vertebrae -small brain, eyes, ears and nasal opening -slime glands -scavengers |
| Subphylum Vertebrata | -notochord becomes spinal column -cartilage or bone |
| Class Agnatha | -jawless fish (lamprey) -no mandible or fins -incomplete vertebrae -cartilage skeleton -reduced cranium -sucker like mouth lined with teeth |
| Gnathostomes | -evolution of a jaw -evolution of lateral line system to sense vibrations in water |
| Class Chondrichthyes | -cartilaginous fish -sharks, skates, rays -skeleton of cartilage -exposed gill slits -paired pectoral and pelvic fins -placoid scales -exposed gill slits -muscular tail -nostrils for olfaction -cloaca (combined opening for excretion and reproduct |
| osteicthyans | -evolution of bony skeleton -cartilage still present but not abundant |
| Class Oseichthyes | -bony fish -largest vertebrate class -bony skeleton and scales -operculum (flaps of bone) covers gill slits -swim bladder for buoyancy -lateral line |
| tetrapods | -move to land -evolution of legs |
| Class Amphibia | -double life -legs -lungs -3 chambered heart -needs water for moist skin and reproduction |
| amniotes | -allowed for complete terrestrial existence -amniotic egg (shelled, fuid filled egg) |
| amnion | -amniotes -protects embryo |
| allantois | -amniotes -repository sac for embryo wastes |
| yolk sac | -amniotes -nourish the embryo |
| chorion | -amniotes -regulate embryonic gas exchange |
| Class Reptilia | -dry epidermal scales -amniotic egg -4 chambered heart -ectothermic |
| Class Aves | -birds -adaptations to flight -wings with feathers -hollow bones -enlarged breast bone and muscle -uric acid production -high metabolism -endothermic -4 chambered heart -beak varies based on food -feet based on lifestyle |
| Class Mammalia | -mammary glands -hair -adipose tissue (fat) -endothermic -high metabolism - most viviparous -4 chambered heart -diaphragm -single bone jaw -middle ear bones |
| viviparous | live birth |
| diaphragm | muscle helps breathing |
| middle ear bones | stapes, incus, malleus |
| Subclass Monotremata | -egg laying mammals -mammary glands but no nipples -platypus, echidnas, spiny anteater |
| Subclass Marsupalia | -pouches -placenta nourishes embryo in uterus -newborn underdeveloped -mammary glands in pouch |
| Subclass Eutheria | -true placental mammals -complex placenta -longer gestation period |
Created by:
Nez91
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