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Immunology Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vaccination | procedure whereby severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to agent in a form that cannot cause disease |
| immunology | study of physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasions by other organisms |
| Jenner | English credited with invention of vaccine (small pox) |
| Bone marrow | location that makes all cells of immune system |
| pathogen | organism with the potential to cause disease |
| opportunistic pathogens | pathogens that colonize the human body to no ill effect for much of the time but cause illness if body's defenses are weakened |
| 4 pathogens | bacteria, viruses,fungi, internal parasites |
| 1979 | smallpox eradicated |
| skin | body's first defense against infection |
| complement | serum proteins that mark pathogens with flags |
| innate immune response | host defense mechanisms that afct from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular pathogen |
| cytokines | soluble proteins trigger innate response. (secreted by effector cells). also induce local dilation of capillaries |
| inflammation | calor, dolor, rubor, tumor (heat, pain, redness, swelling) |
| effector cell | engulfs, kills and breaks down bacteria, cirus infected cells or attack protozoan parasites |
| inflammatory cells | white blood cells present in inflamed tissues that contribute to inflamation |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells, makes single species of antigen receptor |
| adaptive immune response | defense organized around ongoing infection and adapts to nuances of pathogen |
| immunological memory | in adaptive response stay in body=long term protection |
| protective/acquired immunity | adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory |
| progenitor cells | make lymphocytes w/different specifity |
| primary response | 1st time that adaptive response immune response is made to a given pathogen |
| secondary response | 2nd + times adaptive response is made |
| LEUKOCYTES | white blood cells |
| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell | progenitor cells gives rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes), megakaryocytes |
| hematopoisesis | when hematopoietic stem cells give rise to hematopoietic cells |
| 1st production of blood cells | early embryo blood cells are first produced in YOLK sac and later in fetal liver |
| megakaryocytes | platelet formation, wound repair, permanent residents of bone marrow |
| myoloid progenitor | makes myoloid lineage of cells |
| myoloid cells | ganulocytes(cytoplasmic granules that have substances that kill microorganisms and enhance inflammation |
| small lymphocyte | production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper T cells |
| Dendritic cell | activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses |
| Plasma cell | differentiated form of B cell secretes antibodies |
| Mast cell | expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules contining histamine and other active agents |
| Natural killer cell | kills cells infected with certain viruses |
| monocyte | circulating precursor cell to macrophage, laukocyte that circulate in blood |
| Neutrophil | granulocyte most abundant and of all white blood cells, phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms |
| Macrophage | phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses |
| eosinophil | killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents |
| basophil | granulocyte, function unknown, least abundant |
| erythrocyte | oxygen transport |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes | granulocytes w/ irregularly shaped nucliei w/2-5 lobes |
| phagocytes | specialize in capture engulfment and killing of microorganisms |
| pus | neutrophils live short and die at site of infection forming this |
| NK cells | natural killer cells, effector cells |
| immunoglobulins | cell surface receptors for B cells |
| lymphoid organs/tissues | bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, apendix, lymph nodes, peyer's patches |
| primary/central lymphoid tissues | thymus, and bone marrow...where lymphocytes develop and mature to the stage at which they are able to respond to a pathogen |
| lymphatic vessels | originate in connective tissues and collect the plasma that continually leaks out of blood vessels and forms the extracellular fluid |
| lymph | extracellular fluid that flows through the lymphatics |
| lymph node | drains |
| lymphatic system circulation | circulation is 1 way |
| edema | swelling due to fluid accumulation |
| afferent lymphatic vessels | arrive at lymph node |
| efferent lymphatic vessel | leave the lymph node |
| lymphoid follicle | mostly B cell area of lymph node |
| naive lymphocytes | naive lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood |
| plasma cells | effector B cells |
| cytotoxic T cell | kill cells infected w/viruses or INTRAcellular pathogens |
| spleen | lymphoid organ=filter for blood...removes aged or old red cells; removes infectioius agents |
| GALT | gut associated lymphoid tissues include: tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyer's patches |
| BALT | Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue includes gastrointestinal tract |
| MALT | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
| PALS | mostly T cells in the spleen. periarteriolar lymphoid sheath |
| M cells of gut epithelial wall | deliver pathogens from luminal side of gut mucosa to lymphoid tissue within the gut wall |
| antibodies | soluble forms of immunoglobulins |
| T-cell receptors | antigen receptors of lymphocytes |
| epitope | antigenic determinant is the part of the antigen boudn by the immunoglobulin or t-cell receptor |
| variable region | amino-terminal region that differs in amino acid sequence |
| constant region | region identical in amino acid sequence |
| T-cell receptor chains | alpha, Beta chain |
| immunoglobulin chains | light, heavy |
| isotypes | different types of constant region in immunoglobulins |
| germline configuration | before rearrangement(how its present in eggs and sperm) |
| somatic recombination | gene rearrangement in B and T cells |
| somatic hypermutation | activated by dividing B cells introduces nuclotide substitutions into the immunoglobulin heavey and light chain genes |
| MHC | major histocompatibility complex molecule. glycoprotein |
| MHC complexes | antigen-presenting cells |
| MHC 1 | intracellular deals with viruses and some bacteria |
| MHC 2 | extracellular, professional antigen presenting cells |
| polymorphism | many diff. genetic variants of MHC and is chief cause of rejection of tissue transplants |
| clonal selection | process whereby pathogens select particular clones of lymphocyte for expansion |
| 5 classes of immunoglobulins | IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, IgM |
| IgM | 1st antibody to be secreted in immune response |
| humoral immunity | immunity due to antibodies and their actions |
| humors | body fluids such as blood or lymph |
| IgM,IgA,IgG | main antibodies present in blood, lymph and fluid in connective tissues |
| neutralization | antibodies reduce infection by binding tightly to a site on a pathogen so as to inhibit pathogen growth, replication or interaction with human cells |
| opsonization | coating bacteria with IgG, or complement |
| primary immune response | developed from very few lymphocytes |
| secondary immune response | sufficient to repel pathogen before any detectable symptom of disease |
| immunodeficiency diseases | 2 mutant copies of a gene and lack the function encoded by that gene. this can lead to varying degrees of failure of immune system |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| allergy | when antibodies of IgE isotype are made against innocuous substances in environment |
| autoimmune diseases | chronic immune responses that gradually erode a target cell |
| hygiene hypothesis | overall incidence of hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases is increasing that attributes to the widespread practice of hygiene, vaccination, and antibiotic therapy |
Created by:
jlvon425
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