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Immunology Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antigens | molecules to which antibodies bind |
| antibody repertoire | total # of diff specific antibodies that can be made by an individual and can be as high as 10^16 |
| plasma cells | B cell is stimulated to differentiate once an antigen binds to it and then secrete antibodies of same specificity as that of the Ig |
| antibody chains | 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains |
| Fab | Fragment antigen binding. they bind antigen |
| Fc | fragment crystallizable |
| Fc region/piece | stem of a complete antibody molecule |
| light chain of antibody | kappa, lambda |
| CDR | complementarity determining regions, provide a binding surface that is complementary to that of the antigen |
| multivalent | any antigen that contains more than one epitope |
| linear epitope | epitope in linear sequence |
| conformational/discontinuous epitopes | parts of a protein that are separated in sequence but are brought together in folded protein |
| affinities | binding strengths |
| antisera | immunize animals with antigen and then have it for humans |
| monoclonal antibodies | antibodies made by a hybridoma cell line are all identical |
| heavy chain location | chromosome 14 |
| k light chain location | chromosome 2 |
| lambda light chain location | chromosome 22 |
| gene segments that encode light chain V region | variable (V), Joining (J) |
| gene segments that encode Heavy chain | diversity (D) |
| somatic recombination | gene segments are cut and spliced by DNA recombination |
| RSS | recombiantion signal sequences |
| 2 types RSS | nonamer 9 BP, heptamer 7BP separated by spacer of 12 BP; 9&7 separated by 23 BP spacer |
| RAG | recombination activation |
| P nucleotides | palindromic nucleotides |
| palindromic | identical when read from either end |
| TdT | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, randomly adds back nucleotides |
| N nucleotides | nucleotides inserted by TdT because they are non templated in germline DNA |
| junctional diversity | adds factor of 3x10^7 |
| Igm and IgD | 1st immunoglobulins that a B cell expresses on its surface, only immunoglobulin isotype that can be produced simultaneously by a B cell and when they encounter antigen |
| naive B cells | early stage of a B cell life |
| allelic exclusion | immunoglobulin gene rearrangement is controlled so that only 1 heavy chain and 1 light chain are expressed |
| agarose gel electrophoresis | useful for identifying B cell tumors |
| Igalpha, IgBeta | membrane bound immunoglobulins are associated with these 2 proteins |
| 2 forms of immunoglobulin made | 1 bound to cell membrane, 1 secreted in order to bind to antigen and aid its destruction |
| affinity maturation | the immune response proceeds antibodies of progressively higher affinity for immunizing antigen are produced |
| class/isotype switching | antibodies with other effector functions are produced |
| IgM flexibility | lack of hinge=less flexible but has large number of binding sites |
| enzyme AID | important for class switch recombination and hypermutation |
| neutralizing antibodies | directly inactivate pathogen or toxi |
Created by:
jlvon425
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