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Microbiol rock it
Microm 302 quiz 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Streptomyces produce chemical substance called what? | antibiotics |
| Antibiotics are produced by what? List 2. | molds and bacterias |
| Function of antibiotic? | Inhibit the growth of, or kill, bacteria and other microorganisms by interferingwith an essential cell function such as synthesis of protein, nucleic acids, or cell walls. |
| narrow spectrum antibiotics | toxic to only a narrow range of microorganisms |
| broad spectrum antibiotics | toxic to wide range |
| aerial hyphae formation | powdery appearance of Streptomyces colonies |
| What would result in an aerial hyphae formation? | nutrient limited environment |
| Are any of the bacterias (Ecoli strain communior 365, Ecol strain K-12, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus salivarius)inhibited by a product produced by the Streptomyces? | Streptococccus salivarius |
| Do the two strains of Ecoli respoind in the same way? | Yes |
| Do the gram positive and gram-negative orangisms respond in the same way? | no because Streptomyces interfere w/ essential cell funct. such as synthesis of cell wall |
| What is sulfonamide? | antimicrobial chemicals |
| How is sulfonamides unique? | Sulfonamide exhibit selective toxicity, inhibit or kill bacterial cells without harming patient |
| How does sulfonamide drug work? | Interfere with the biochemical pathway for folic acid biosynthesis. |
| Why is folic acid important? | Folic acid is needed in humans and bateria because it forms part of a coenzyme F needed for the synthesis of some nucleotides and amino acids |
| How can bacteria make their own folic acid? | Bacteria make their own PABA which is a precursor of folic acid. |
| Can humans make their own folic acid | no, can only get from the food they intake |
| Structural analogs of PABA | sulfa drugs |
| What is competitive inhibition? | One chemical competing with another to get synthesized. Sulfa drug for PABA |
| How an effects of sulfa be neutralized? | reverse competitive inhibition by adding excess PABA, provide nucleotides and amino acids that are teh end products of rxn requiring coenzyme F. |
| bacteriostatic | inhiit bacterial growth |
| bactericidal | kill bacteria |
| What is TSY in sulfonamide lab? | nutrient rich, reversing effect of sulfa drugs that only grow in nutrient poor environment |
| Conjugation | DNA tranferred cell to cell via a sex pilus |
| transductions | bacterial DNA is carried in a phage |
| transformation | naked DNA taken up directly from the environment |
| Artifically made competent how? | by suspending cells in dilute solutions of calcium chloride |
| marker | observable characteristic |
| competent | state where naked DNA is taken up from the environment |
| prototroph | grow on minimal medium |
| auxotroph | lack the ability to synthesize an essential nutrient |
| bacteriophage (phage) | virus that infect bacteria, obligate parasite that lack all cellular structures and require a host cell to replicate |
| How do phages get inside bacteria | Virus mixes w/ an appropriate host strain, adsorbs or attaches to host via a specific receptor on the host that lets important host proteins in. Then inject genetic material (DNA/RNA not both) into cell. |
| How can bacteria be resistant to infection by the bacteriophate? | no having a receptor by spontaneous mutation |
| What is the effect of phages injecting DNA/RNA into host cell? | Redirect host's biosynthetic machinery to synthesis of phage components. |
| Lytic cycle | process of infection leading to lysis of host cell |
| Plaques | clear area that show lysis of host cell to count number of bacteriophage. also show multiplication of virus |
| titer | quantify the number of bacteriophage in a suspension by plating the suspension in a lawn of bacteria |
| lytic/virulent phage | bacteriophage that always lyse their host |
| lawn of bacteria | a culture imbedded in soft agar on the surface of an agar plte |
| lysogenic ccle | phage reside silently in the host- incoporate in host DNA and replicate along host DNA |
| prophage | integrated viral DN |
| lysogen | host cell carries prophage |
| temperate phage | bacteriophage that have the option of entering the lysogenic cycle |
| New phage particle only form by (2) | protein for new viral particles and enzyme for lysing the host |
| repressor protein | a protein that turn off genes normally expressed in lytic cycle- protein for new viral particles and enzyme for lysing the host, also turn off genes of any identical phage that injects its DNA into lysogen |
| lysogen immune to superinfection by the identical type of phage, how? | repressor protein is on...preventing genes of newly entering pahge. |
| Crown gall | a plant pathogen disease in broad-leafed lpants "crown" due to infection occuring ath eplant's root crown "gall" from tumor-like growth. Contain Ti plasmid (tumor inducing plasmid) |
| agglutination | clumping due to cross-linking of particulate antigen to its specific antibody |
| How is agglutination can tell you? | identify either an unknown bacterial strain or determine if a person has a certain specificity of antibodies in their serum |
| Antibody is produced by | response to vaccination, previous disease, symptomatic infection, current infection |
| titer in bacterial allutinaton | reciprocal of highest dilution of antibody that can cause agglutination |
| Immunoglobin/antibodies | soluble proteins produced by the body as part of the adaptive immune response |
| Function of antibodies | bind foreign substance in the body (immoblize them/ destroy them) |
| antigen | foreign substance that induce antibody production |
| how is antigen-antibody interaction specific? | antibody only bind to one antigen |
| how is antibody-antigen interaction useful? | can isolate or identify unknown protein |
| how to identify antigen-antibody binding? | by immunoprecipitation |
| what is immunoprecipitation? | binding soluble antigen w/ its specific antibody resulting in formation of an insoluble protein complex in form of a visible precipitate |
| How is it beneficial to for antibodies to be bivalent and antigen to be polyvalent? | each antiboy bin to two eiptopes. Will cross-link the antigen to form insoluble lattice |
| antiserum | blood serum w/ particular antibody |
| albumin | carrier protein,abundant in tissue and blood of almost all mammals. |
| How is urine normally? and what infection can you get from it | sterile and can get urinay tract infection (UTI) |
| The most common mechanism of getting UTI | own fecal flora |
| Between male and female, which one is mostly likely to get UTI | female, due to their shorter urethra and bacteria ascend the urethra into bladder and grow in urine |
| What bacteria can cause UTI | Ecoli most common, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus saprophytiucs, Enterobacter |
| How should the UTI sample be collected? | from cleaned, disinfected area, fresh urine sample |
| How do you know you have UTI | more than 10^5/ml of 1 or two kinds of bacteria |
| Can you trust your data if it show many different kinds of bacteria in UTI sample? | No, skin flora was also collected...poor isolation |
| How is MacConkey plate differntial and selective? | Differential-lactose and pH indicator-looks reddish purple and non-lactose fermenter remain colorless. Selective- dyes and bile salts inhibiting gram-positive rods and cocci and gram (-( cocci |
| Blood agar | not selective so show a wide variety of organism Differential for hemolysis-limited to identificaiton of intestinal isolates. |
| Staphylococci | gram (+) cocci grow in dry, salty environment of our skin Staphylococcus epidermidis is normal skin flora and exclude pathogens Staphylococcus auerus- pathogen |
| Staphylococcus aureus can cause | carbuncles (biols), wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia and food poisoning |
| Staphylococcus auerus reservoir is | carriers- skin and more commonly anterior nares |
| How to prevent transmission of S. aureus | hand washing |
| Mannitol salt plate contains | nutrient agar, 7.5% NaCl, mannitol, pH indicator |
| How is Mannitol salt plate selective and differential | selective-salty lpate inhibit most bacteria except staphylococcus (micrococcus and some bacillus) differential- mannitol and pH indicator |
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thetnwe
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