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3xam #3
Biology 1001
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inheritance of acquired characteristics | appearance or function can be inherited |
| decent with modification | all organisms descend with change from common ancestors |
| natural selection | survival of the fittest |
| fossil | remains of an organism from long ago |
| sedimentary rock | layer upon layer |
| homologous elements | elements in diff species which derived from common ancestors |
| vestigial organs | useless organs |
| biogeography | study of geographical location in living organisms |
| divergent evolution | splitting of population into 2 separate population with diff alleles |
| adaptive radiation | evolutionary divergence3 of a single ancestral group into a variety of forms adapted into diff resources or habitats |
| convergent evolution | evolution of similar characteristics in two or more unrelated species |
| phyletic gradualism | the concept that morphological changes occur gradually during evolution and are not always associated with speciation |
| punctuated equilibrium | the theory that morphological changes evolve rapidly in geologic time |
| speciation | the emergence of a new species,,,thought to occur mainly as a result of populations becoming geographically isolated from other evolving in different directions |
| synthetic theory of evolution | in the 1930s and 1940s, biologists began to combine evolutionary theory with genetics; the synthetic theory suggests that (1) gene mutations occur in reproductive cells at high enough frequencies to impact evolution; (2) gene mutations occur in random dir |
| evolution | a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) |
| neutral mutation | single gene mutations that leave the genes function basically intact and neither harm nor help the organism |
| gene duplication | one method that may lead to the evolution of new genes with new functions; this can occur when a chance error in DNA replication or recombination creates two identical copies of a gene |
| gene pool | the sum of all alleles carried by the members of a population; the total genetic variability present in population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | in population genetics, the idea that the absent of any outside forces, the frequency of each allele and the frequency of genotypes in a population will not change over generations |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | a proposed state wherein a population, in the absence of external pressure, has both stable allele and stable genotype frequencies over many generations |
| gene flow | the incorporation into a population's gene pool of genes from one or more others populations through migration of individuals |
| genetic drift | unpredictable changes in allele frequency occurring in a population due to the small size of that population |
| population bottleneck | a situation arising when only a small number of individuals of a population survive and reproduce therefore only a small percentage of the original gene pool |
| bottleneck effect | the reduced genetic diversity that results from a drastic drop in a population's size |
| founder effect | in evolutionary biology, the principle that individuals founding a new colony carry only a fraction of the total gene pool present in the parent population |
| interbreeding | nonrandom mating that occurs when relatives mate with each other rather than with unrelated individuals |
| inbreeding depression | a situation of weakened genetic viability that occurs when a population has many more individuals that are less fit than in a normally breeding population |
| directional selection | a type of natural selection in which an extreme form of a character is favored over all other forms |
| stabilizing selection | a mode of natural selection that results in individuals with intermediate phenotypes; under these selection pressures, extreme forms are less successful at surviving and reproducing |
| disruptive selection | a type of natural selection in which two extreme and often very different phenotypes become more frequent in a population |
| reproductively isolated | every true species in nature fails to generate fertile progeny with other species |
| reproductive isolating mechanism | any structuarl, behavioral, or biochemical feature that prevents individuals of a species from successfully breeding with individuals of another species |
| allopatric speciation | new species evolved in geographic isolation from its ancestor |
| sympatric speciation | a situation in which a population diverged into two species after a genetic, behavioral, or ecological barrier to gene flow arises between subgroups of the population inhabiting the same region |
| carbonaceous chondrite | a class of meteorites containing various kinds of organic molecules |
| heterotroph | an organism, such as an animal, fungus, and most prokaryotes and protists, that takes in preformed nutrients from external sources |
| autotroph | an organism, such as a plant, that can manufacture its own food |
| chemoautotroph | an organism that derives energy from a simple inorganic reaction |
| endosymbiont hypothesis | the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotes that fused with a nucleated cell |
| Cambrian Explosion | in just a few million years at the beginning of the Cambrian period, over 500 million years ago, all of the major animal phyla we see today began to leave preserved remains in the fossil record; in the hundreds of millions of years since, no new body plan |
| Archean Era | the geological era spanning the time between Earth’s origins and 2.5 billion years ago |
| Proterozoic Era | the geologic era from 2.5 billion years ago to about 580 million years ago |
| Paleozoic Era | the geologic era from about 580 million years ago to 245 million years ago |
| plate tectonics | the geologic building and moving of crustal plates on Earth’s surface |
| Pangaea | a single supercontinent that existed on Earth about 245 million years ago |
| end–Permian extinction | the mass extinction that took place at the end of the Permian period, about 213 million years ago |
| Mesozoic Era | the geologic era from about 245 million years ago to about 65 million years ago |
Created by:
kaliyahsherrod
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