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Chapter 9
Vocabulary
| vocabulary | definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Memory as Information Processing | scribe; save; read |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | process of getting information out of memory |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Working Memory | focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information |
| Short Memory Term | activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
| Long Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information: space, time, well learned information |
| Effortful Processing | requires attention and conscious effort |
| Rehearsal | conscious repetition of information |
| Spacing Effect | distributed practice yields better long term retention than massed practice |
| Semantic Encoding | encoding of meaning |
| Acoustic Encoding | encoding of sound |
| Visual Encoding | encoding of picture images |
| Imagery | mental pictures |
| Mnemonics | memory aids |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
| Hierarchies | complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
| Echoic Memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
| Short Term Memory | limited in duration and capacity |
| Long-term Potentiation | increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory |
| Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
| hippocampus | neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Implicit Memory | retention without conscious recollection |
| Recall | the ability to retrieve info learned earlier and not in conscious awareness-like fill in the blank test |
| Recognition | the ability to identify previously learned items-like on a multiple choice test |
| Relearning | amount of time saved when relearning previously learned information |
| Priming | activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| Context Effects | memory works better in the context of original learning |
| Deja Vu- | cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience |
| Mood Congruent Memory | tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood |
| State Dependent Memory | what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state |
| Forgetting as encoding failure | Information never enters the memory system |
| Ebbinghaus | forgetting curve over 30 days |
| Proactive(forward acting) Interference | disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information |
| Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference | disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information |
| Motivated Forgetting | people unknowingly revise history |
| Repression | defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Positive Transfer | sometimes old information helps our learning of new information |
| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution) |
| False Memory Syndrome | condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience |
Created by:
hamilton
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