Vocabulary
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| Memory | persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
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| Flashbulb Memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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| Memory as Information Processing | scribe; save; read
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| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system
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| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time
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| Retrieval | process of getting information out of memory
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| Sensory Memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
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| Working Memory | focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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| Short Memory Term | activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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| Long Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information: space, time, well learned information
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| Effortful Processing | requires attention and conscious effort
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| Rehearsal | conscious repetition of information
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| Spacing Effect | distributed practice yields better long term retention than massed practice
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| Semantic Encoding | encoding of meaning
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| Acoustic Encoding | encoding of sound
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| Visual Encoding | encoding of picture images
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| Imagery | mental pictures
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| Mnemonics | memory aids
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| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units
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| Hierarchies | complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
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| Sensory Memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
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| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
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| Echoic Memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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| Short Term Memory | limited in duration and capacity
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| Long-term Potentiation | increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
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| Amnesia | the loss of memory
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| Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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| hippocampus | neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
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| Implicit Memory | retention without conscious recollection
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| Recall | the ability to retrieve info learned earlier and not in conscious awareness-like fill in the blank test
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| Recognition | the ability to identify previously learned items-like on a multiple choice test
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| Relearning | amount of time saved when relearning previously learned information
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| Priming | activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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| Context Effects | memory works better in the context of original learning
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| Deja Vu- | cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
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| Mood Congruent Memory | tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
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| State Dependent Memory | what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state
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| Forgetting as encoding failure | Information never enters the memory system
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| Ebbinghaus | forgetting curve over 30 days
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| Proactive(forward acting) Interference | disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
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| Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference | disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
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| Motivated Forgetting | people unknowingly revise history
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| Repression | defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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| Positive Transfer | sometimes old information helps our learning of new information
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| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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| Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)
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| False Memory Syndrome | condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
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