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Dr. Karl Micro Exam
Dr. Karl Micro Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What organism is responsible for Gas gangrene (myonecrosis)? | Clostridium perfringens |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Clostridium perfringens? | Gram +, bacilli with endospores (anaerobic) |
| What are the significant virulence factors for Clostridium perfringens? | TOXIN |
| What is a reservoir for Clostridium perfringens? | spores in the soil, human intestinal tract ( enters body through open wound) |
| Pathogen or opportunist? (Clostridium perfringens) | I'm guessing opportunist since it is present in normal flora |
| What are the signs and symptoms of Gas gangrene? | tissue destruction caused by the toxin. necrosis, putrefaction of tissues, and gas production (the cause of the "smell of death" in decomposing tissue)(treat with O2, cephalosporin, amputation) |
| What microorganism is responsible for cutaneus antrax? | Bacillus anthracis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Bacillus anthracis? | Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped |
| What are the significant virulence factors for Bacillus anthracis? | forms hearty endospore, capsule and 2 exotoxins (edema factor and lethal factor) |
| What is a reservior for Bacillus anthracis? | inhaled by grazing herbivors, transmitted to humans by contact with herbivores, or consumption of a diseased herbivore |
| Is Bacillus anthrasis a pathogen or opportunist? | I'm guessing pathogen since not present in normal flora. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of Bacillus anthracis? | inflammatory black necrotic lesion (eschar) |
| What is the microorganism responsible for TB? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | technically acid-fast gram positive- does not have LPS/outer cell membrane |
| What are the significan virulence factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | waxy coating (hence acid fast), highly aerobic (probably why it likes lung tissue) |
| What is a reservior for Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | human lungs |
| Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a pathogen or opportunist? | I would say pathogen since not part of normal flora |
| What are the sign and symptoms of TB? | productive cough and loss of energy or loss of weight or night sweats |
| What is the microorganism responsible for tetanus? | Clostridium tetani |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Clostridium tetani? | gram positive,bacillus, anaerobic (forms a terminal spore and looks like tennis racket or drumstick) the spores are resisant to heat and antiseptics |
| What are the significant virulence factors for Clostridium tetani? | exotoxin called tetanospasmin |
| What is a reservior for Clostridium tetani? | soil |
| What are the signs and symptoms of tetanus? | clenching of the jaw, followed by extreme arching of the back, flexion of the arms and extension of the legs results in spastic paralysis |
| What microorganism is responsible for community acquired meningitis (very severe)? | Streptococcus pneumonia (can also cause acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis, and brain abscess) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Streptococcus pneumonia? | gram positive, alpha-hemolytic, diplococci(in pairs), capsule (I'm guessing true pathogen) |
| What are the significant virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumonia? | its thick capsule |
| What is a reservior for Streptococcus pneumonia? | other people |
| What are the signs and symptoms of community acquired meningitis? | headache, stiff neck, fever, elevated wbc's |
| What is the microorganism responsible for Lyme disease? | Borrelia burgodorferi |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Borrelia burgodorferi? | gram negative, spirochete (does not contain LPS but contains glycolipids |
| What are the significant virulence factors of Borrelia burgodorferi? | slow growing which makes it hard to kill, antibiotics need to be used for a longer period of time. |
| What is a reservior for Borrelia burgodorferi? | tick - a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks- tick must be attached 24 hours to transmit the bacteria |
| What are the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease? | the characteristic bull's eye rash and erythema chronicum migrans (a rash which spreads peripherally and spares the central part), as well as myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmias, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies |
| Is Borrelia burgodorferi a true pathogen or an opportunist? | true pathogen? |
| Dr. Karl said everbody in this room has what virus? | Herpes virus (HSV 1 and 2) This virus can cause a viral form of meningitis (If mom passes to baby in birth canal can cause meningitis in baby) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of the herpes virus? | The structure consists of a large double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased in a capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope. The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument. This complete particle is known as the virion |
| What are significant virulence factors for the Herpes virus? | it is ubiquitous (everywhere) and easily spread from person to person |
| What is a reservior for the herpes virus? | Lips on other people (most people contract it orally during childhood) |
| What are the signs and symptoms of herpes? | skin: watery blister on skin or mucous membrane. Meningitis: headache, stiff neck, fever, increase in WBC's |
| Is the Herpes virus a true pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen. I don't think viruses can be considered normal flora |
| When Dr. Karl says B. sub, which microorganism is she speaking of? | Bacillus subtilis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Bacillus subtilis? | gram positive, rod shaped, can produce endospore which can tolerate extreme conditions |
| What are significant virulence factors for Bacillus subtilis? | none. It is pretty hard to get a B. sub infection. |
| What is the reservior for Bacillus subtilis? | commonly found in soil |
| Is Bacillus subtilis a pathogen or opportunist? | B.sub is not a human pathogen however it is capable of spoiling bread dough. woooooo. |
| What is the name of the bacterium that causes leprosy? | Mycobacterium leprae |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Mycobacterium leprae? | Acid-fast, rod shaped, with a waxy coating unique to mycobacteria |
| What are significant virulence factors for Mycobacterium leprae? | Virulence factors include its waxy exterior coating, formed by the production of mycolic acids unique to Mycobacterium. It is difficult to destroy. |
| What is a reservior for Mycobacterium leprae? | Mycobacterium leprae is transmitted person to person through respiration, breaks in the skin and possibly through environmental contacts. Environmental contacts cannot be confirmed because it cannot be grown in vitro (in a agar/plate). |
| Is Mycobacterium leprae a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen. it is an obligate intercellular parasite and lacks the ability to live independently..we think. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of leprosy? | It primarily affects the peripheral nerves and skin. Symptoms include numbness, skin lesions, joint pain and weakness. |
| What microorganism is the cause of impetego, scalded skin syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis and is also considered normal biota/flora in 20% of the population? | Staphylococcus aureus (also Streptococcus pyogenese but that one is not on the word list) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Staphylococcus aureus? | gram positive, coccal/sphere shape. S. aureus means "golden grape-cluster berry" due to its golden colored colonies |
| What are significant virulence factors for S. aureus? | Toxins: "exfoliative" in scalded skin syndrome, "superantigen" as in toxic shock syndrome, and others... |
| What is a reservior for S. aureus? | people, food sources, tampons |
| Is S. aureus a pathogen or opportunist? | hummm this one is tough. Sometimes part of normal flora but usually a pathogen. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a S. aureus infection? | minor skin infections, pimples, impetigo, boils (furuncles), cellulitis folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, abscesses, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), chest pain, bacteremia, and sepsis. |
| What microorganism is found in everyone's normal flora, is not typically pathogenic but can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals? | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of S. epidermidis? | gram positive cocci arranged in grapelike clusters, (can tolerate high levels of salt, mannitol salt agar can be used) |
| What are significant virulence factors for Staphylococcus epidermidis? | the ability to form biofilms on plastic devices placed inside the body is a major virulence factor (indwelling foley catheter, IV catheter, medical prostheses) |
| What would be considered a reservior for Staphylococcus epidermidis? | since it forms biofilms, practically everything |
| Is Staphylococcus epidermidis a pathogen or opportunist? | finally one that I am sure of. It is an opportunist. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Staphylococcus epidermidis infection? | acne, infections related to indwelling medical equipment, endocarditis |
| Which microorganism is most commonly responsible for acne and even has the word in its name? | Propiobacterium acnes (all human pores have Propiobacterium acnes, the infected ones have S. aureus too, so P. acnes may not actually cause the acne) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology for Propiobacterium acnes? | gram positive rod, is called "propiobacterium" becuse it can make propionic acid. |
| What are significant virulence factors for Propiobacterium acnes? | P acnes produces inflammatory mediators (including lipases, neuraminidases, phosphatases, and proteases) that result in papules, pustules, and inflammatory acne. |
| What would be considered a reservior for Propiobacterium acnes? | present on most heathly adult human skin, and in GI tract |
| Is Propiobacterium acnes a pathogen or an opportunist? | another one that is certainly an opportunist |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Propiobacterium acnes infection? | comedones (blackheads, whiteheads), papules, pustules |
| Which microorganism causes the most serious form of bacterial meningitis? | Neisseria meningitidis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology for Neisseria meningitidis? | gram negative, diplococcic lined up side by side |
| What are significan virulence factors for Neisseria meningitidis? | its capsule helps it to avoid phagocytes, Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a component of the outer membrane which acts as an endotoxin |
| What would be considered a reservior for Neisseria meningitidis? | other people. It exists as normal flora (nonpathogenic) in the nasopharynx of up to 5-15% of adults.It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Neisseria meningitidis infection? | headache, stiff neck, fever, elevated WBC count |
| Is Neisseria meningitidis a pathogen or an opportunist? | I'm guessing pathogen even though it is colonized in some people. Maybe both pathogen and opportunist |
| What microorganism is the cause of listeriosis? | Listeria monocytogenes (one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens, with 20 to 30 percent of clinical infections resulting in death) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Listeria monocytogenes? | gram positive, bacilli/rod shaped with polar flagella |
| What are the significant virulence factors for Listeria monocytogenes? | this bacteria allows itself to be engulfed by a phagocyte and then takes over the phagocytic cell. |
| What would be considered a reservior for Listeria monocytogenes? | ingestion of contaminated food products such as raw meat, dairy products, vegetables, and seafood. Soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk |
| What are the signs and symptoms of listeriosis? | fever and muscle aches and vomiting. Can also cause meningitis in nerborns, so moms are cautioned not to eat unpasturized cheeses. |
| Is Listeria monocytogenes a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen |
| Which microorganism is responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea and ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS? | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? | gram positive, coccus |
| What are the significant virulence factors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae? | LPS endotoxin and attachment to nonciliated epithelial cells via pili (fimbriae) |
| What would be considered a reservior for Neisseria gonorrhoeae? | mucous membranes of the urethra in males and the endocervix and urethra in females, although the infection may disseminate to a variety of tissues. |
| What are the signs and symptoms for Neisseria gonorrhoeae? | in males: purulent discharge from the urethra and dysuria. In females, either no symptoms or non-specific symptoms that can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection |
| Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae an opportunist or a pathogen? | pathogen (never part of normal flora) |
| What is Leishmaniasis? | it is a disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leshmania |
| What is the morphology of protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania? | single flagellum. Can live within the macrophages of its host. |
| What is considered a reservior for Leishmanian parasites? | sand fly, this disease is zoonotic and can be passed from animal(infected mammals) to human. |
| What are the sign and symptoms of Leishmaniasis? | skin sores but can progress to infecting internal organs |
| Are Leishmania parasites pathogens or opportunists? | pathogen |
| What causes tularemia or rabbit fever? | Francisella tularensis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Francisella tularensis? | gram negative, coccobacillus (rod shaped), |
| What are significant virulence factors for Francisella tularensis? | also take over macrophages |
| What are reserviors for Francisella tularensis? | ticks, flies, mites, mosquitos and direct contsct with body fluids of infected animals (zoonotic)(not spread person to person) |
| What are the sign and symptoms of a Francisella tularensis infection? | pneumonia, pleuritis, and lymphadenopathy |
| Is Francisella tularensis a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen |
| What is Streptococcus aureus? | not sure, it doesn't appear to exist. I'm going to do a card for Strep pyogenes instead. |
| What diseases can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? | pharyngitis ("strep throat") and skin infection ("impetigo"), cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis, and endocarditis, scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology for Streptococcus pyogenes? | gram positive, chains or pairs of cocci, |
| What are significant virulence factors for Streptococcus pyogenes? | beta hemolysis, capsule protects from phagocytosis, |
| What are reserviors for Streptococcus pyogenes? | people (5-15% carriers) |
| . | . |
| Is Streptococcus pyogenes a pathogen or an oppotunist? | pathogen except in the 5-15% who are carriers |
| What microorganism is the cause of the bubonic plague as well as lymphadenopathy, pneumonia and septicemia? | Yersinia pestis |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology for Yersinia pestis? | gram negative, bacillus/rod shaped, |
| What are significant virulence factors for Yersinia pestis? | can supress and avoid phagocytosis and other immune responses. Proliferates in lymph nodes. |
| What are reserviors for Yersinia pestis? | rodents. transmitted through human-rodent contact (zoonotic) |
| What are the sign and symptoms for Yersinia pestis infections? | Swelling of lymph nodes resulting in buboes, the classic sign of bubonic plague (as well as fever, headache, chills, lack of energy) |
| Is Yersinia pestis a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen! |
| What is the second most common cause of nosocomial infections? | Pseudomonas |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Pseudomonas? | gram negative, bacillus/rod-shaped, one or more flagella, secretion of pyoverdine (fluorescent yellow-green under iron limiting conditions)or pyocyanin |
| What are significant virulence factors for Pseudomonas? | developing antibiotic resistance |
| What are reserviors for Pseudomonas? | can live in biofilms and in quaternary ammonia compounds |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Pseudomonas infection? | urinary tract infections,septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, and postsurgical wound infections |
| Is Pseudomonas a pathogen or opportunist? | called an opportunistic pathogen |
| What kind of infections can be caused by Haemophilus influenza? | (not flu) HIB (Haemophilus type B) can cause bacteremia, pneumonia, otitus media, and acute bacterial meningitis in children. Most are vaccinated to prevent infection. (rare diseases: pericarditis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Haemophilus influenza? | gram negative, bacillus/rod-shaped, |
| What are significant virulence factors for Haemophilus influenza? | capsule that resists phagocytosis |
| What are reserviors for Haemophilus influenza? | kids (tranmitted through direct contact and droplet) |
| Is Haemophilus influenza a pathogen or an opportunist? | both, a pathogenic opportunist...or opportunistic pathogen |
| What is the name of the fungus that can cause secondary infections in Aids patients?(fungal meningitis) | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans? | it is an encapsulated yeast |
| What are significant virulence factors for Cryptococcus neoformans? | none |
| What are reserviors for Cryptococcus neoformans? | it is commonly found in pidgeon poo |
| Is Cryptococcus neoformans a pathogen or an opportunist? | opportunist. Host immune system has to be seriously compromised |
| What parasitic protozoa is responsible for most malarial infections? | Plasmodium vivax |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Plasmodium vivax? | no gram reaction, it is a protozoa |
| What are signa and symptoms of Plasmodium vivax infection? | splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen), |
| What are reserviors for Plasmodium vivax? | female Anopheles mosquito |
| Is Plasmodium vivax a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen |
| What disease is caused by Salmonella typhimurium? | gastroenteritis (diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12–72 hours after infection) |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology of Salmonella typhimurium? | gram negative (primarilty found in intestinal lumen) (LPS contributes to virulence) |
| What are reserviors for Salmonella typhimurium? | Austin and Keebler pre-packaged peanut butter crackers in 2009 outbreak |
| Is Salmonella typhimurium a pathogen or an opportunist? | pathogen |
| What diseases are caused by Proteus vulgaris? | It can cause UTI's and wound infections. Commonly found in long term care facilities. |
| What is the gram reaction and morphology for Proteus vulgaris? | gram negative, bacilis/rod-shaped,have flagella and fimbrae |
| Is Proteus vulgaris a pathogen or an opportunist? | opportunistic pathogen |
| What are reserviors for Proteus vulgaris? | it inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water and fecal matter. |
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Merrill15888
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