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BIO 251 Practical 1
BIO 251 Pactical Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spinal Cord: Central canal, where is it? | appears as a hole in the center of the spinal cord Is continuous with fourth ventricle |
| Spinal Cord: White and Gray matter | gray matter butterfly in the middle, white matter columns/funniculi |
| Spinal Cord: Dorsal and Ventral roots | dorsal root is found posterior to the spinal column, the puppy ears/ bulges are called dorsal root ganglions. The Ventral root are found on the anterior side of the spinal cord and they do not have puppy ears/ganglions |
| Spinal Cord: Dorsal root ganglia | puppy ears/bulges found on the dorsal roots |
| Spinal Cord: spinal nerves | 31 pairs originating from the spinal cord. A dorsal root and ventral root join to form a spinal nerve. 8 cervical(one before c1, the rest below c1-c7 but numbered C1-C8), 12 thoracic (t1-t12), 5 lumbar (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), 1 coccygeal (C0) |
| Spinal Cord: paravertebral (sympathetic) ganglia | bulges in the yellow ladders found on either side of the spinal column |
| Spinal Cord: arachnoid mater | middle meninx that is thin and weblike (found in the coverings of the brain and spinal cord)Attached on one side to Dura mater, and other side in contact with subarachnoid space |
| Spinal Cord: pia mater | Most interior meninx, in contact with brain and spinal cord, other side is in contact with the subarachnoid space |
| Spinal Cord: dura mater | outter layer of meninges, found around brain and spinal cord.(In the big spinal cord model it is the white layer just inside the subQ fat/blood vessel layer) |
| Spinal Cord: cauda equina | "horses tail" below L1 and L2 |
| Spinal nerves: Cervical plexus | formed by the first four cervical nerves |
| Spinal nerves: Cervical plexus: phrenic nerve | formed by the 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical nerves and conducts motor impulses to diaphragm |
| Spinal nerves: Brachial plexus | made by connecting the lower 4 cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve (according to picture on cams, thick yellow structure in the shoulder/clavicle area of the model) |
| Spinal nerves: Brachial plexus: ulnar nerve | runs down through the forearm on the "pinky finger" side |
| Spinal nerves: Brachial plexus: median nerve | runs beside the ulnar nerve but medial to the ulnar nerve |
| Spinal nerves: Brachial plexus: radial nerve | innervates the forearm, runs along the thumb side |
| Spinal nerves: Brachial plexus: axillary nerve | short little branch of the cervical plexus that goes into the armpit |
| Spinal nerves: Lumbosacral plexus | includes the last thoracic nerve, and all of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves |
| Spinal nerves: Lumbosacral plexus: femoral nerve | this one runs down the front of the leg, anterior to the femur |
| Spinal nerves: Lumbosacral plexus: sciatic nerve | runs down the back of the leg, posterior to the femur |
| Spinal nerves: Lumbosacral plexus: fibular nerve | on the lateral side of the lower leg, (fibula side) |
| Brain: Internal structures: Corpus callosum | big c shaped structure in the middle of the brain (on top of the left and right lateral ventricles) |
| Brain: Internal structures: Pituitary gland | the pea shaped structure hanging from a stalk in the middle section of the brain |
| Brain: Internal structures: Thalamus | the pea shaped structure that is darker in color (brown) not attached to a stalk (actually looks like it is floating in the third ventricle on the models) |
| Brain: Internal structures: Hypothalamus | forms the lower walls and floor of the third ventricle (not exceptionally defined in the models) |
| Brain: Internal structures: Midbrain | area of the brain stem anterior to the pons and just below the hypothalamus |
| Brain: Internal structures: Pons | the "pregnant sea horse" bulge on the ventral side of the brain stem |
| Brain: Internal structures: Medulla oblongata | posterior to the pons and continuous with the spinal cord |
| Brain: Internal structures: spinal cord | continuous with the medulla oblongata (had to tell exactly where it begins, but it is well below the level of the cerebellum |
| Brain: Internal structures: lateral ventricals | The are found in with hemispheres of the cerebrum inside the big "C" of the corpus callosum |
| Brain: Internal structures: third ventrical | area in the center of the brain with the little brow pea floating in it (the brown pea is the thalamus) |
| Brain: Internal structures: cerebral aquiduct | connects the third and fourth ventricles (it runs in front on the pons |
| Brain: Internal structures: fourth ventrical | it is a little space beneath the bulge of the pons |
| Brain: External Structures: Lobes of the cerebrum | there are 5 lobes on each side, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula (hemispheres are divided by the longitudinal fissure) |
| Brain: External Structures: frontal lobes | forehead area (left and right sides) (central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes) |
| Brain: External Structures: parietal lobes | top of the head area (left and right sides)(behind the central sulcus) |
| Brain: External Structures: temporal lobes | approximately interior to the ear |
| Brain: External Structures: occipital lobes | back of the head area |
| Brain: External Structures: insula | interior to the temporal lobe, can't see it unless the temporal lobe is moved out of the way |
| Brain: External Structures: longitudinal fissure | a separation in the cortex that divides the cortex into left and right hemispheres |
| Brain: External Structures: central sulcus | deep groove in the cerebral cortex that divides the cerebral cortex into front and back sections (approximately where a headband would go) |
| Brain: External Structures: precentral gyrus | the "mound" of cerebral cortex found in front of the central sulcus (motor area) |
| Brain: External Structures: postcentral gyrus | the mound of cerebral cortex found adjacent and posterior to the central sulcus (sensory area) |
| Brain: External Structures: pons | the bulge that looks like a pregnant sea horse on the brain stem |
| Brain: External Structures: medulla oblongata | just below the level of the pons and continuous with the spinal cord |
| Brain: External Structures: cerebellum | rounded structure behind and below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, white branching is "arbor vitae), its anterior side is adjacent to the fourth ventricle |
| Cranial nerves: (I) Olfactory nerve (where is it?) | includes the olfactory bulbs and the olfactory tracts |
| Cranial nerves: (II) Optic nerve (where is it?) | they branch out of the optic chiasma |
| Cranial nerves: Optic chiasma (where is it?) | the "x" formed by the optic nerves crossing over eachother |
| Cranial nerves: (III) Oculomotor (where is it?) | arise from the midbrain and lead into the orbits of the eyes (the sit on top of the optic chiasma) |
| Cranial nerves: (IV) Trochlear (where is it?) | also arising from the midbrain and lateral to the occulomotor (smallest of the cranial nerves) |
| Cranial nerves: (V) Trigeminal (where is it?) | the largest of the cranial nerves and arise from the pons. Has an opthalmic division, maxillary division and mandibular division |
| Cranial nerves: (VI) Abducens (where is it?) | Look like anteni of the brain stem. Originate from the pons near the medulla oblongata |
| Cranial nerves: (VII) Facial (where is it?) | 7 is right behind 6 |
| Cranial nerves: (VIII) Vestibulocochlear (where is it?) | 8 is right behind 7 |
| Cranial nerves: (IX) Glossopharyngeal (where is it?) | 9 is right behind 8 |
| Cranial nerves: (X) Vagus (where is it?) | 10 is right behind 9 |
| Cranial nerves: (XI) Accessory (where is it?) | 11 is behind 10 and looks like a ladder |
| Cranial nerves: (XII) Hypoglossal (where is it?) | this pair has a few branches going into it and is posterior to the 9th pair |
| Slides: Nerve : axon, myelin sheath | axons are the only process that would have a myelin sheath, dendrites do not. |
| Slides: Nerve fibers (teased): axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier | If it looks like a string of hot dogs, the node is found between the hot dogs, the hot dogs are the schwann cells of the myelin sheath, probably can't see the axon if it is myelinated |
| Slides: Cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells | triangular shaped cell body (hence the name), single axon, but three branches of dendrites coming out of the corners of the triangle. The axon branches look like root systems of large trees. |
| Slides: Cerebellum: purkinje cells, granular cell layer | the purkinje cells are found between the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum's cortex. The granular layer is on the inside of the layer of purkinje cells. |
| Slides: mammal spinal cord (cs): motor cell bodies | the motor cell bodies are found inside the gray matter butterfly of the spinal column (the axons extend into the white matter |
| Slides: spinal ganglion: sensory cell bodies (axon, myelin sheath, nodes) | Irregularly shaped cell bodies with what looks like connective tissue in between.The stuff that looks like connective tissue is the nerve fibers.This was a cross section so the halo is the myelin,dark spot in center is axon and couldn't see the nodes |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of hearing? | 8 vestibulocochlear |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of tast on the front of the tongue? | 7 facial |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensory impulses from upper and lower teeth ? | 5 trigeminal |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for branching into the mental nerve (teeth)? | 5 trigeminal |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for lateral movement of the eye? | 6 abducens |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for focusing the lenses of the eye? | 3 oculomotor |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotation of the eye, inferiolateral motion? | 3 oculomotor |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of equilibrium? | 8 vestibulocochlear |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for stimulating salivary secretions? | 7 facial |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for adjusting the amount of light entering the eye? | 3 oculomotor |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for muscular movements associated with chewing? | 5 trigeminal |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the trapezius muscle? | 11 accessory |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for constriction of the pharynx muscles used in swallowing? | 9 glossopharyngeal |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of sight? | 2 optic |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for muscular movements of the tongue? | 12 hypoglossal |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of smell? | 1 olfactory |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for slowing of the heart and increased mobility of the digestive tract? | 10 vagus |
Created by:
Merrill15888
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