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Micro ch 14 nc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| host defenses | involve barriers, cells, and chemicals, and they range from nonspecific to specific and from inborn to acquired multilevel network of innate, nonspecific protections and specific immunities: first, second, third line of defense |
| first line of defense | includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers keep microbes from penetration sterile body |
| second line of defense | more internalized system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses |
| third line of defense | acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by WBCs called lymphocyts--provide long-term immunity specific defenses for each microbe through the action of specialized WBCs |
| innate, nonspecific defenses | genetic/born with always on guard, but do not improve w/repeated exposure composed of: physical, chemical, phagocytic, and inflammatory defenses |
| skin | first line of defense surface area of about 2 m2 (squared) outermost layer composed of epithelial cells that are compacted and impregnated w/insoluble protein known as keratin |
| keratin | thick, tough layer that is waterproof and protective |
| why skin is a good barrier? | tightly packed cells makes it hard for microbes to penetrate through constantly sloughing off palms of hands and soles of feet are best |
| mucous membranes | digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts and of the eye are moist and permeable provide protection w/out a keratinized layer blinking and tear production flush eye constant flow of saliva urination force floods bacteria out |
| what type of tissue lines the upper respiratory tract? | pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium | surface area 400 m2 mucous production and cell turn-over mucocillary escalator conveys foreign particles entrapped in mucus toward the pharynx to be removed |
| how is the respiratory tract guarded from infection? | nasal hair traps large particles flow of mucus&fluids occur in allergy&colds exerts a flushing action irritation of the nasal passage cause sneeze,expels large volume air high velocities acute sensitivity of bronchi,trachea,larynx triggers coughing |
| how is the genitourinary tract guarded from infection? | protection from the continuous trickle of urine through the ureters and from periodic bladder emptying that flushes the urethra |
| defense behaviors | salivary flow swallowing tears peristalisis coughing sneezing |
| chemical defenses | noxious chemicals enzymes metal chelators complement proteins and interferon |
| noxious chemicals | HCl- pH 2 the stomach renders protection against pathogens swallowed bile acids- gall bladder destroy microbes fatty acids- sebum antimicrobial effect sodium chloride- sweat |
| lysozyme | an enzyme that is in tears and saliva breaks down peptidoglycan allows for slow growth of gram neg and kills gram pos bacteria |
| chelators | limit availability of essential metals like iron starved for iron, many microbes cannot grow |
| main types of chelators | hemoglobin- RBC lactoferrin- secretions transferrin- serum |
| interferons (IFN) | small protein produced naturally by certain WBCs used in therapy against viruses and cancer inhibit viral replication;antiviral protein production produced only certain WBCs&some tissue cells bind to cell surfaces&induce changes in genetic expression |
| IFN-alpha and IFN-beta | interferons that are products of cells including lymphocyte, fibroblasts, and macrophages |
| IFN-gamma | interferons that are products of T cells |
| complement cascade | consists of at least 26 blood proteins that work together to destroy bacteria and certain viruses special chemical defense protease cascade found in the serum main functions: opsonization, chemotaxis, and pore formation |
| three cascade pathways | classical lectin alternative |
| classical pathway | part of specific immune response initiated by foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody |
| what makes the second line of defense? | phagocytosis and inflamation |
| functions of the 2nd line of defense | cell-mediated non-specific defenses respond to extracellular invaders not effective against viruses involves recognition of self cells |
| process of second line of defense | 1. surveillance of the body 2. recognition of forgein material 3. destruction of entities deemed to be foriegn |
| hematopoiesis | production of blood cells |
| WBCs as part of the second line of defense | turn into several different types of defense five types split into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| granulocytes | have colored granules on cytoplasm; lobed nucleus neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| agranulocytes | without colored granuales on cytoplasm; unlobed, rounded nucleus lymphocytes and monocytes |
| red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| white blood cells | leukocytes |
| platelets | thrombocytes involved in blood clotting and inflammation |
| neutrophils | essential blood phagocytes; active engulfers and killers of bacteria |
| eosinophils | active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions |
| basophils | function in inflammatory events and allergies |
| mast cells | specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that rigger local inflammatory reactions and are responsible for many allergic symptoms |
| monocytes | blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation and mature into macrophages |
| macrophages | largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells; strategic participants on certain specific immune reactions |
| lymphocytes | primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter B cells: differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies T cells: perform a number of specific cellular immune responses |
| B cells | humoral immunity |
| T cells | cell-mediated immunity |
| natural killer (NK) cells | related to T cells but displaying no antigen specificity, active against cancerous and virally infected cells |
| lymphatic system | compartimentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs |
| functions of lymphatic system | provide auxillary route for the rectum extracellular fluid to the circulatory system act as"drain-off" system for inflammatory response surveillance,recognition,&protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes,phagocytes, |
| lymph | formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries transports WBCs and other materials |
| lymphatic vessels | system of vessels that transports lymph is constructed along the lines of blood vessels capillaries are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from circulatory system high number in hands and feet and areola of breast |
| differences of lymph flow to blood flow | flow of lymph is in one direction: extremities to heart; lymph returns to bloodstream lymph moved through contraction of skeletal muscles |
| other organs of lymphatic system | loose connective tissue framework that houses aggregation of lymphocytes lymph nodes thymus spleen GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) pharynx |
| phases of phagocytosis | chemotaxis binding engulfment lysosomal fusion destruction waste elimination |
| mechanisms of killing | enzymatic hydrolysis oxidative burst |
| enzymatic hydrolysis | lysozyme, lipase, protease, nuclease |
| oxidative burst | NAPDH oxidase and cytochrome B- produce superoxide anion superoxide dismutase- hydrogen peroxide myeloperoxidase- hypochlorite (bleach) |
| inflammatory response | reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues factors that can elicit include trauma from infection, tissue injury or necrosis due to chemical and physical agents, and specific immune reactions |
| signs of inflammation | rubor-redness tumor- swelling dolor- pain calor- heat |
| rubor | caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in tissue injured |
| tumor | heat given off by the increased fluid escaped into the tissue |
| dolor | caused by stimulation of nerve endings |
| calor | heat given off by the increased flow of blood |
| chief functions of inflammation | to mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury to set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances to destroy microbes and block their further invasion |
| causes of inflammation | erythema increased vascular permeability exudate |
| erythema | increased blood flow |
| exudate | influx of phagocytes and serum proteins to the region of infection |
| systemic effects | fever caused by interleukin 1 or exogenus pyrogens |
| fever | elevated host temperatures universal symptom of infection also associated with certain allergies, cancers, and other organic illnesses |
| why can fevers be a good thing? | limits iron availability--impedes nutrition inhibits bacterial growth interferes with viral replication increases effectiveness of some immune molecules |
| types of fevers | low-grade 100-101 F moderate-grade 102-103 F high-grade 104-106 F adults should never have a high fever treat at 103 F--not let get higher |
| low-grade fever | 100-101 F should not treat caused by viral infections |
| moderate-grade fever | 102-103 F should treat a child with tylenol or aspirin |
| high-grade fever | 104-106 F if child should seek medical attention |
| general actvities of phagocytes | survey the tissue components and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells to ingest and eliminate these materials to extract immunogenic information (antigens) for foreign matter |
| three main types of phagocytes | neutrophils- bacterial infection w/high blood count;primary component in pus monocytes are transformed inflammatory mediators into macrophages(out of blood) --inc in size eosinophils attract to sites of parasitic infections&atigen-antibody rxs |
Created by:
marosado10
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