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bio test 5
test 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the respiratory sytem anatomically consist of | upper respiratory tract, and lower respiratory tract |
| what portion of the respiratory system transports air | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, smalelr airways primary bronchi and bronchioles |
| what portion of the respiratory system carries out gas exchange | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts air sacs called alveoli |
| what are the two cyclic phases of breathing | inhalation (inspiration), exhalation (expiration) |
| inhalation draws gases to where | the lungs |
| exhalation forces gases out o f where | the lungs |
| what is gas conditioning | air is warmed, humidified and cleansed before it enters lungs |
| where does sound prodcution occur | as air passes out past the larynx |
| what is the respiratory tracts defense | goblet cells that secrete mucus and trap foreign particles |
| paranasal sinuses: what are they | four bones of the skull that contain paired air spaces called paranasal sinuses |
| paranasal sinuses: what bones are they housed in | frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary |
| paranasal sinuses: how do they communicate with the nasal cavity | ducts |
| pharynx: this is a common space used by what 2 systems | the resp. and digestive |
| pharynx: what is the shape | funnel shape, slightly wider superioly and narrower inferiorly |
| pharynx: walls are lined with what | a mucosa |
| pharynx: why are the lateral walls flexible | in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus |
| pharynx: partitioned into what three regions | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| larynx: what is the voice box | a short somewhat cylindrical airway bounded posteriorly by the laryngopharynx and inferiorly by the trachea |
| larynx: prevents ____ from entering ____ | swallowed food; LRT |
| larynx: supported by a framework of what | nice peices of cartilage held in place by ligaments and muscles |
| larynx: sound production- what are the vocal folds | coverthe vocal ligaments, it is a mucous membrane, the true vocal cords b |
| larynx: sound production- why are the vocal folds called the true vocal cords | b/c they produce sound when air passes between them |
| larynx: sound production- what are the superior ligaments called ; what is the mucosa that cavers them | vestibular ligaments the vestibular fols |
| larynx: sound production- why are the vestibular folds called the false vocal cords | because they have no functin in sound production but protect the vocal folds |
| larynx: sound production- what determeines the quality of the sound | the tension, length and position of the vocal folds |
| trachea: what is it | a flexible, slightly rigid utubular organ often referred to as the windpipe, extends through the mediastinum and lies immediately anterior to the esophagus, inerior to the larynx a superior to the primary bronchiof the lungs |
| trachea: what does the 15-20 C shaped trachela cartilages to | the rinfs reinforce and prvide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times, |
| trachea: what is anular ligaments | cartilage rings are connecte by these elastic sheets |
| bronchial tree: def | a highly branched susten of air-conduction passages that originate from the lft and right primary bronchi |
| bronchial tree: it progresively grnaches into narrower tubes as tehy diverge throughout the lunfs and they terminate wehre | terminal bronchioles |
| bronchial tree: what supports the walls of the primary bronchi; to ensure what | the imcomplete rings of hyaline cartilage; ensure theat the bronchial tree remains open |
| bronchial tree: what primary bronchi is shorter and wider and veritcal, this one originates from where | the right, the left |
| bronchial tree: foreign particels are most likely to lodge wher | in the right primary bronchial tree |
| bronchial tree: the primary bronchi enter where in the lungs with what other structure | the hilum, lymphatic vessels, nerves |
| bronchial tree: the primary bornchus then branche to what | secondary bronchi |
| bronchial tree: what lung has 2 secondary bronchi; why ; what lung has thee secondary bronchi why | left lung; b/c it has 2 lobes ; right; 3 lobes |
| bronchial tree: the secondary bronchi divide into what | tertiary bronchi |
| bronchial tree: each lung is supplied by how many tertiary bronchi | 8-10 |
| bronchial tree: why is the tertiary bronchi called a segmental bronchus | b/c it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment |
| respiratory bronchioles: what are teh small saccular outpocketings called | alveoli |
| respiratory bronchioles: what is the diameter of an alveolus | 0.25- 0.5 millimeter in diameter |
| alveolus: is the wall thin or thick; what does it do | thin; specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
| gas exchange can take place wher | in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, lungs |
| lung: why is it spongy | due to the nature of packing on millions of alveoli together |
| lungs: what is the shape | conical |
| lungs: where does the base rest | on the diaphragm |
| lungs: what is the superior region called | the apex; |
| lungs: the lungs are bordered by what | the thoracic wall anteriorly laterally and psteriorly and are supported by the rib cage |
| lungs: they are separated medially by what | the mediastinum |
| lungs: what is the costal surface | the broad rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall |
| nose: is divided by what | the nasal septum |
| nasal cavity: what is the vestibule | opening deep into the nares, contrains haris for filtering air |
| nasal cavity: what is the tissue type | phseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| soft palate: what is the muscular arch | entends downwar to form the uvula |
| soft palate: what is the uvula | draws upward closing the nasal cavity during swallowing |
| hard palate: whay is it | floow of the nasal cavity, comprimised of maxillary and palatine bones |
| paranasal sinuses: def; name them | drain into the nasal cavity; maxillary; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal |
| pharynx: def | passageway for food air and vocal soudns |
| nasopharynx: def | dorsal wall of nasal cavity; contains openings for eustation tubes and pharyngeal tonsils |
| oropharynx: def | dorsal wall of oral cavity, contains palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils |
| laryngopharynx: def | posterior to larynx, contains opeing into larynx and esophagus |
| tonsils are composed of what type of tissue | lymphatic |
| larynx: cartilage- def of thyroid | largest, thyroid gland attached to anterior surface, adams apple |
| larynx: cartilage- def of cricoid | inferior to thyroid cartilage, rinf of cartilage, most inferior partion of larync |
| larynx: cartilage- def of epiglottis | superior end of larynx, triangular flap of cartilage, closes of larynx during swallowing |
| larynx: cartilage- def of vestibular folds | false vocal cords, superior to true vocal cords, reflex action closes these folds during swallowing |
| larynx: cartilage- def of vocal folds | true vocal cords, inderior to vestibular folds, extend into the larynx, vibrate as air rushes past, vocalize |
| larynx: cartilage- def of laryngitis | inflam of vocal folds , |
| larynx: cartilage- def of glottis | opeing between true vocal folds size ecreases during swallowing |
| larynx: cartilage- what is the tissue type | non keratinized squamous epithelium |
| def of deglutition | swallowing |
| what happens during deglutition | uvula closes off nasal cavity, epiglottis closes off the larynx, vocal folds and vestibular folds close off areato some degree |
| is the LPT sterile | yes |
| LTR: trachiea- what does it filter | particels |
| LRT: lungs: surrounded by what membrane | the pleural |
| LRT: lungs: what are the names of the lobes | superior liddle and inferior R and superior and inferiro left |
| LRT: alveoar: what are type 2 alveolar cells | they secrete surfactant, which decreases surface tension beteween alveolar walls prevents collapse of the alveolus |
| LRT: what are the alveolar capillaries | surround alveoli composed endotheium |
| LRT: what is the respiratory membrane | consists of alveolar wall and the wall of the alveolar capillary, site for gas exchange |
| def of pulmonary edema | fluid accumulation between alveoli and alveolar capillaries, decrease gas exchange |
| def of PNA | fluid accumulation between alveolux walla and alveolus cappillary, decreased gas exchange, breeding ground for bacterial infections |
| def of apnea | absencse of breathign |
| what do the kidneys filter | waste productions from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine |
| what composes the urinary tract ; why | the ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder; becasue they transport urine out of the body |
| functions of urinary system: how does it store urine ; def of urinary bladder | the urinary bladder stores urine ; an expandable musclular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine |
| where is urine excreted | the urethra |
| how does the urinary system regulate blood volume | the kidneys control the volume of interstitial fluid and blood under the direction of certain hormones, it inderectly affect blood pressure |
| how does the urinary system regulate erythrocutes ; what happens when the blood o2 levels are low | as the kidneys filter blood, they also indirectly measure the o2 level in the blood; erythropoietin is secretes which increase RBc production |
| kidneys: what does it mean that they are retroperitoneal | only the anterior side is covered with peritoneal since posterior side is directly against the abdominal wall |
| kidneys: def of the hilum | concave medial border where vessels, nerves and ureter connect, this is continuous with the renal sinus |
| kidneys: def of renal sinus | space where renal arteries veins lymphatic vessels and nerves run |
| kidneys: they are surrounded what ___, name them superficial to deep | fibrous capsule, periphric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat |
| kidneys: def of fibrous capsule; aka | dense CT that covers outer surface; renal capsule ; dark color |
| kidneys: def of perinephric fat | offers cushioning and insulation |
| kidneys: def renal fascia | anchors kidneys to abdominal wall |
| kidneys: def of paranephric fat | outermost layer |
| kidneys: def of renal medulla | the inner darker regiosn divided by the renal pyramids |
| urine is made where | the renal medulla |
| blood supply to the kidneys:what percent of blood travels to the renal arteries and renal sinus | 20-25% |
| blood supply to the kidneys: blood plasma is filtered across what | the glomerulus into the glomeriular space |
| blood supply to the kidneys: what happens when the blood plasma leanves the glomerulus | it enters an efferent arteriole |
| blood supply to the kidneys: why is the efferent artereole still carrying oxygenated blood | b/c a gas and nutrient exchange with the kidney tissue has not yet occured |
| nephrons: what is the functional unit | the nephron |
| nephron: what are the structures of it ; collectively known as what | renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubules, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubules; renal tubule |
| nephrons: what are the 2 types | cortical, juxtamedullary |
| nephrons: def of cartical | renal corpuscle is near periphery, associated with pertibular capillaries |
| nephrons: def of juxtanedullary | renal corpuscels like adjecent to corticomedullary border |
| renal corpuscle: def | an enlarge bulbous region of the nephron |
| renal corpuscle: what are the 2 structures in it | glomerulus, bowmans's capsule, leaky and allow plasma to leak through |
| renal corpuscle: def of gloerulus | thich tangle of cappilaries |
| renal corpuscle: what is a podocyte | the wrap around the glomerular capillaries ato support the capillary wall w/out completely ensheathing it, material can pass though the filtration slit |
| renal corpuscle: what is larger teh afferent or the efferent arteriole | afferent |
| proximal convoluted tubule: def | originates at the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle, cells of it act to reabsorball nutrients (proteins and flitrates should not be in filtrate) |
| nephron loop: def | originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule and projects internally to the medulla |
| distral convoluted tuble: def | originates in the renal cortec of end of thick ascending limb of the nephron loop, function is secretion, under the influnce of aldosterone and ADH |
| collecting ducts :def ; what happens ig person is dehydrated | they transport tubular fluid into the papillary duct and then to the minor calyx,water conservation occures and more concentrated urine is produced |
| urinary bladder: in females the bladder is in contact with what | the uterus (below it) and vagina (above it) |
| urinary bladder: what is the trangular area called, formed by what three structure s | two psterior urethral opengins and the anterior urethral opeing |
| urinary bladder: what are the four tunics | mucosa, submucosa. muscularis and adevtitia |
| urethra: what is the muscle called in the internal sphincter | detreusor muscle |
| male urethra: what are the three segments | prostatic, membranous, spongy |
| Repro system male: def of seminal vesicles | on psoterior surface of bladder, secrete whiteshfluid that is alkaline and has fructose and prostaglandins |
| Repro system male: seminal vesicles what is the fructose for, the alkine ; the prostaglandins | nourishment for the sperm, to widen ervix |
| Repro system male: def of prostate gland; what does it secrete | inferior to bladder; milky fluid rich in citric acid, and PSA, liquifies semen |
| Repro system male: def of bulbouretrhal glands; what does it secrete | par pea shaped, lacated on each side of the urethra,; mucin that prodects the urethra and serves as lubrication |
| Repro system male: WHAT ARE THE 3 PIECES OF THE SPERM CALLED | ACROMION CAP, HEAD, MIDPIECE, TAIL |
| Repro system female: def of oogenesis | egg production and producers one haploid cell |
| Repro system female: def of oogonia- | germinal cells of ovary they are in arrested development until after birch |
| Repro system female: what causes the primary follicle to become a secondary follicle | the FSH and LH released at puberty |
| kidneys: what are the functions in order | filter, reabsorb, secrete and excrete |
| the efferent arterioles branch into one of 2 types of capillary networsL | peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
| HOW MANY NEPHRONS ARE THERE | 2.5 MILLION |
| job of renal corpuscle | filtration |
| job of proximal convoluted tubule | reabsorbtion |
| job of distal convoluted tuble | secretion |
| how is the kidney innervated | by the renal plexus, it accompanies the renal artery and enters through the hium |
| def of micturation ; how does it happen | urination; by a complex sequence of events called micuration reflex, |
| does the female urethra have a single function or two; the male ? | one, thwo |
| how does water move in the kidneys | via osmosis |
| kidneys: secretion takes substances out of the ____ and into the ___-_ | blood ; tubule |
| kidneys: what does ADH do | increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water, resulsuts in reabsorption |
| kidneys: when ins renin secreted | by the juxaglomerular complex in response to a decrased in BP |
| kidneysL what does alcohol do<; caffeine | inhibits adh; inhibits Na+ reabsorbption; both cause dehydration |
| def of gametes; name for them | sex cells; sperm and egg |
| what are gonads; name them | primary sex organs; ovaries and testes |
| Repro system female: females produce and release one ___ a month | oocyte |
| def of perineum | diamond shaped area between the thighs that is circumscribed anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, anterior and posterior triangle )penis scrotom and vagina; rectum) |
| def of oogenesis | maturation of a primary occyte to a secondary one |
| Repro system female: what ar ethe 3 phases of the ovarian cycle (and define them) | follicular phase (1-12 days primordial follicles are primary follicles), ovulation(day 14 release of secibdaty oocyte), luteal phase (15-28 secrete prostaglandin, remainging follicel cells tun to corpus luteum) |
| Repro system female: what happens in the luteal phase is the egg is fertalized | it secretes hCG to build up uterine wall |
| Repro system female: where is the secondary oocyte ferilised | in teh uterine tues |
| Repro system female: where is the site for implantation | the uterus |
| mestration: what days does menstration occur; proliferation phase; secretory phase | 1-5; 6-14 (development of endometrium(, 15-28 increased progesterone secretion, |
Created by:
jmkettel
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