Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
68WM6 Ph 2 Resp
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds | Adventitious |
| collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen | Atelectasis |
| visual examination of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi using a rigid or flexible fiber optic bronchoscope | Bronchoscopy |
| acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses, usually accompanied by edema of the mucus membranes and nasal discharge | Coryza |
| short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds; most commonly heard upon inspiration | Crackles |
| slightly bluish, gray, or dark purple discoloration of the skin resulting from the presence of abnormally reduced amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood | Cyanosis |
| shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing; may be caused by disturbances in the lungs, certain heart conditions, and hemoglobin deficiency | Dyspnea |
| obstruction of blood vessel by a foreign substance; blood clot, fat, or air | Embolism |
| accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, as a result of an infection | Empyema |
| hemorrhage of the nose; nosebleed | Epistaxis |
| an increase in the severity of a disease or disorder, marked by an increase in signs and symptoms | Exacerbation |
| caused by external factors | Extrinsic |
| greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood | Hypercapnia |
| an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air inhaled is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body | Hypoventilation |
| an inadequate, reduced tension of cellular oxygen | Hypoxia |
| caused by internal factors | Intrinsic |
| an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe comfortable or deeply | Orthopnea |
| low pitched, grating or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration | Pleural Friction Rub |
| collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity which causes the lung to collapse | Pneumothorax |
| musical, high pitched, squeaking or whistle like sound caused by rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles | Silibant Wheeze |
| low pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sound | Sonorous Wheeze |
| pertaining to respiratory effort that is strenuous and struggling; creates a snoring sound | Stertorous |
| an abnormal rapid rate of breathing | Tachypnea |
| surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid | Thoracentesis |
| power of microorganism to produce disease | Virulent |
| Subjective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include | shortness of breath, dyspnea with or without exertion, cough |
| Objective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include | chest movement, expansion, signs of distress, nostrils flaring, accessory muscle use, retractions, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds |
| signs and symptoms of a respiratory disorder include | anxiety, decreased ability to concentrate, disorientation, fatique, vertigo, increased pulse |
| normal pH range on ABG | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| normal PaCO2 range on ABG | 35 to 45 |
| normal PaO2 range on ABG | 80 to 100 |
| normal HCO3 range on ABG | 22 to 26 |
| normal Sa02 range on ABG | >92% |
| surgical diagnostic procedure used when a sample of lymph tissue from the chest is needed for biopsy | mediastinoscopy |
| endoscopic visualization of the larynx only performed under local or general anesthesia | laryngoscopy |
| endoscopic visualization of the larynx, tranchea, and bronchi | bronchoscopy |
| what instructions should a patient be given before an xray? | remove jewelry, wear hospital gown |
| what instructions should a patient be given before collection of a sputum sample? | rinse mouth with water, inhale deeply three times, and cough forcefully and spit sample into sterile container |
| what is the purpose of patient education before a CT scan? | to reduce patient anxiety |
| this diagnostic lab is performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells | cytology |
| this diagnostic procedure is used to determine the severity or progression of a respiratory disease | pulmonary function test |
| what kind of syringe is used to obtain an ABG sample? | heparinized |
| how large of a sample is needed for an ABG? | 3 to 5 mL |
| what test should be performed before an ABG to determine ulnar circulation? | Allen’s test |
| how long should pressure be held following collection of an ABG sample? | 5 minutes |
| how should an ABG sample be transported to the lab? | in ice water |
| what procedure should always be performed following a throacentesis? | Chest xray |
| risk for what condition is increased if more than 1500mL of fluid are removed during thoracentesis? | Pulmonary Edema |
| Symptoms of this chronic obstructive pulmonary disease usually appear in the late forties; etiology includes changes in the alveolar walls and capillaries leading to decreased pulmonary surface area and inflammation of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveol | emphysema |
| signs and symptoms of emphysema | exertional dyspnea, sputum, use of accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, wheezing, weight loss |
| diagnostic tests for emphysema | PFT, ABG, chest xray, labs, CBC |
| medications used to treat emphysema | bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, oxygen therapy, anti anxiety |
| should patients with COPD be encouraged to drink more or less fluid daily and why? | more, to loosen and thin respiratory secretions |
| because of issues with exertional dyspnea, emphysema patients should rest 30 minutes before these daily activities | meals |
| patient teaching for emphysema should focus on | nutrition and smoking cessation |
| Is COPD reversible? | not usually |
| what is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis? | recurrent productive cough for a minimum of three months for at least two years |
| etiology of chronic bronchitis includes… | impaired cilia, hypersecretion of mucus, susceptibility to infection, chronic infections leading to scarring and airway obstruction |
| signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis | productive cough worse in the morning, dyspnea, cyanosis, right ventricle failure, polycythemia, cyanosis, dependent edema |
| diagnostic tests for chronic bronchitis | CBC, ABG, Pulse Oximetry, PFT, Electrolytes |
| medications used to treat chronic bronchitis | bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics |
| asthma caused by external factors occurring in response to allergens such as pollens, dust spores, feathers, or animal dander, food, etc. | extrinsic asthma |
| asthma stemming from internal causes that are not fully understood, often triggered by URI or emotional upsets | intrinsic asthma |
| these factors can influence recurrence of asthma attacks | mental and physical fatigue |
| this disease is characterized by increased tracheal and bronchial response to various stimuli | asthma |
| acute asthma attacks are caused by the release of …. | histamine |
| diagnostic tests for asthma | ABG, PFT, chest xray, sputum culture, CBC, theophylline level |
| medications used in the management of asthma | bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors |
| medications used for acute asthma attack | bronchodilators, corticosteroids, epinephrine, IV aminophylline, O2 |
| this manifestation of asthma is fatal if not reversed | status asthmaticus |
| a gradual irreversible process of chronic dilation of the bronchi the eventually destroys the elastic and muscular properties of the lung | bronchiectasis |
| signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis | dyspnea, weight loss, fever, cyanosis, finger clubbing, coughing, foul smelling sputum |
| medical management of bronchiectasis includes | low flow O2, chest physiotherapy, hydration, mucolytics, bronchodilators, antibiotics |
| Ringing in ears | tinnitus |
| nosebleed | epistaxis |
| diagnostic tests to consider in relation to epistaxis | HGB, HCT, Coag panel, Rhinoscopy |
| treatments for epistaxis | packing with gauze saturated with epi, cautery, ice, direct pressure |
| causes of deviated septum | injuries, infections, allergies, dyspnea |
| diagnostic procedures to confirm deviated septum | xray, direct observation |
| treatment for deviated septum | surgery, meds to reduce obstruction |
| following nasal surgery what should the patient be instructed to avoid | nose blowing, coughing vigorously, valsalvas |
| common complaints associated with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis | sneezing, pruritis, congestion, lacrimation, edema, phontophobia, blurred vision |
| exam findings associated with allergic rhinitis | edema, PND, excessive secretions |
| diagnostic procedures for allergic rhinitis | skin test, serum radioallergosorbent test |
| treatment for allergic rhinitis | antihistamines, decongestants |
| uses for antihistamines | allergies, motion sickness, insomnia, reactions, cough |
| side effects of antihistamines include | constipation, dry eyes and mouth, blurred vision, sedation |
| what are some systemic antihistamines? | azatadine, brompheniramine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, loratadine |
| antihistamines should be administered how long before exposure to an allergen? | 45 to 60 minutes |
| what are some risks with antihistamines? | increase risk of CNS depression, increase the action of anticholinergics, MAOI’s increase action and slow metabolism of antihistamines |
| what is the mechanism of action of decongestants? | they are arteriole vasoconstrictors |
| what are decongestants used for? | to decrease production of respiratory secretions |
| what are some possible side effects of decongestants? | hypertension, dizziness, sedation, headache, tinnitus, thickened secretions, tachycardia, urinary retention |
| what are the two most common administration routes for decongestants? | nasal and oral |
| what are two nasal decongestants? | flonase, afrin |
| what are two oral decongestants? | phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine |
| what is an important point of patient education with decongestants? | don’t use more than three days |
| what are some common symptoms of laryngeal cancer? | hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, “lump in throat” |
| what are some diagnostic exams for laryngeal cancer? | visual exam, CBC, laryngoscopy, biopsy |
| what are some treatments for laryngeal cancer? | radiation, surgery |
| what is one area of ADL’s that can be severely affected by laryngeal cancer? | eating |
| what are common complaints associated with rhinitis? | cough, watery nasal drainage, sore throat |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for rhinitis? | visual exam, cultures |
| what medications are commonly used to treat rhinitis? | analgesics, antipyretics, cough suppressants, antibiotics |
| what are some common complaints with pharyngitis? | sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, dry cough |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for pharyngitis? | visual exam, culture |
| what medications are commonly used to treat pharyngitis? | antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints with adenoiditis? | sore throat, dysphagia, fever, malaise, noisy breathing |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for adenoiditis? | culture, visual exam(patchy tonsilar exudates) |
| what are some common treatments for adenoiditis? | antibiotics, analgesics, surgery |
| what are some common complaints with laryngitis? | hoarseness, scratchy throat, persistant cough |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for laryngitis? | visual exam, laryngoscopy |
| what are some common treatments for laryngitis? | antibiotics, palliative medications |
| what are some common complaints in sinusitis? | headache, sinus pain, tenderness, pressure, and prurulent discharge |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for sinusitis? | xray, transillumination |
| what are some common treatments for sinusitis? | surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antihistamines, vasoconstrictors, warm moist heat |
| what are some common complaints in tonsilitis? | sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, enlarged tonsils with prurulent discharge |
| what is the most important diagnostic procedure to consider in tonsillitis? | culture (especially strep) |
| what are some common treatments for tonsilitis? | surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints in peritonsilar abcess? | pain and difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise, ear pain, *****DIFFICULTY TALKING***** |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for peritonsilar abcess | visual exam, culture |
| what are the treatments for peritonsilar abcess? | surgery, antibiotics |
| what are some common complaints with bronchitis? | productive cough, low grade fever, ****rhonchi and wheezes****, dyspnea, chest pain, headache |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for bronchitis? | xray, sputum culture |
| what are the treatments for bronchitis? | bronchodilators, andtibiotics, cough suppressants, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints in legionanaires’ disease? | high fever, headache, nonproductive cough, diarrhea, malaise |
| what are some signs and sypmtoms of advancing legionnaires’ disease? | tachypnea, crackles and wheezing, shock, hematuria and renal failure |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for legionnaires’ disease? | cultures, xray |
| what are the treatments for legionairres’ disease? | antibiotics, rifampin, anatipyretics, vasopressors and inotropes |
| what type of environment does legionnaires’ usually live in? | moist (air conditioners, hot tubs, steam rooms) |
| what is the most lethal type of anthrax? | inhalational |
| what are the three types of anthrax? | cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation |
| what are the treatments for anthrax? | antibiotics (ciprofloxacin); previous vaccination increases survival rate |
| through what route is tuberculosis transmitted? | inhalation |
| a positive PPD with negative chest xray indicates what? | inactive tuberculosis infection |
| what is a common factor in the conversion from inactive to active TB infection? | immunosuppression |
| what type of room should a patient with TB be in? | negative pressure |
| what are the treatments for TB? | isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, rifapentine |
| what is an important point of patient education for rifambin? | turns body fluids red |
| what common substance has a known drug interaction with isoniazid? | alcohol |
| what are some common causes of pneumonia? | bacteria, aspiration, viral, fungal chemical |
| what are diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumonia? | cultures, xray, cbc, pft, abg |
| what are some treatments for pneumonia? | antibiotics, O2, analgesics, antipyretics, expectorants, bronchodilators, physiotherapy, humidification |
| what are some factors that make older adults more susceptible to pneumonia? | drier mucous membranes, kyphosis, muscle weakness, reduced airway elasticity, inactivity, immobility |
| what is the action of an antitussive? | suppresses cough reflex |
| what is the action of an expectorant? | reduces viscosity of respiratory secretions |
| inflammation of visceral and parietal pleura | pleurisy |
| what are some symptoms of pleurisy? | pain on inspiration, fever, dry cough, dyspnea |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for pleurisy? | xray, auscultation(pleural friction rub) |
| Empyema is another word for | pleural effusion |
| how is pleural effusion treated? | thoracentesis, chest tube |
| collapse of lung tissue | atelectasis |
| what are some causes of atelectasis? | shallow breathing, copious secretions, aspiration, hypoventilation, tumors |
| what are some diagnostic tests for atelectasis? | xray, ABG, Bronchoscopy |
| what are some treatments for atalectasis? | chest tube, deep breathing and coughing, intubation |
| edema of respiratory mucosa combined with excessive mucous production causing chronic airway obstruction | asthma |
| drugs that produce bronchodilation by mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system | adrenergics |
| what are some commonly used bronchodilators? | albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline |
| drugs that reduce symptoms of asthma by reducing inflammation in the airways | corticosteriods |
| beclomethasone, flunilolide, and triamcinolone are all examples of | corticosteroids |
| these two antiasthmatic classes reduce the release of substances that can lead to bronchospasm | leukotriene receptor antagonists and mast cell stabilizers |
| common side effects of antiasthmatics | tremors, anxiety, throat irritation |
| when administering both a sympathomimetic and corticosteroid inhaler, what is the proper sequence? | sypathomimetic (bronchodilator) first, then wait five minutes and administer corticosteroid |
| what is the minimum waiting time between aerosol inhaler administrations? | 1 minute |
| you should wait three to five minutes between administrations of these two inhaled medications | isoproternol and epinephrine |
| you should wait at least ten minutes after the administration of this inhaler before giving another | metaproternol |
| this class of antiasthmatic is commonly used as a daily therapy for long term asthma management | leukotriene antagonists |
| what are some examples of adrenergic bronchodilators? | albuterol, epinephrine, salmeterol, terbutaline |
| what time of day should once daily doses of xanthines be administered? | morning |
| air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse | pneumothorax |
| buildup of air in the pleural space, causing interference with the ability of the heart and lungs to fill | tension pneumothorax |
| signs and symptoms of pneumothorax | decreased or absent breath sounds, abnormal chest movement |
| diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumothorax | xray, abg |
| most common type of lung cancer | non |
| accumulation of serous fluid in interstitial lung tissue and alveoli | pulmonary edema |
| hallmark symptom of pulmonary edema | pink, frothy sputum |
| non cardiogenic pulmonary edema | ARDS |
| flow setting for nasal cannula in a COPD patient | 2 to 3 LPM |
Created by:
ewoff85
Popular Nursing sets