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WQ2 Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal Flora | microorganism that established residence but do not produce disease under normal conditions |
| A microorganism that is not causing any harm to the host is known as a | Normal Flora |
| Microbial antagonism | normal flora can benefits the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganism; mutal opposition or contrary action; inbitionof microorganism growth by the presens of another |
| Competing for nutrients and space, producing toxins, and producing ph changes are examples of | microbial antagonism |
| Symbiosis | when two or more different species or organisms live together in close association |
| Commentalism | a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected; one organism gains some benefits such as protection or nourishment and the host is not harm |
| Mutualism, Commensalisms and Parasitism are all examples of what kind of relationship between normal flora and the host | symbiotic |
| Synergism and Antagonism are both examples of what kind of relationship between normal flora and the host | nonsymbiotic |
| Pathology | the study of the nature and cause of disease which involves changes in structure and function |
| Etiology | the study of the cause of disease |
| Pathogensis | the origin and development of a disease |
| Pathogenicity | the ability to produce pathological change and disease |
| Disease | a pathological condition of the body that presents a group of clinical signs and symptoms that sets the condition apart as an abnormal entities differing from other normal or pathological body states |
| Infection | invaded |
| Contamination | surface |
| Infestation | invasion |
| Infection | the state or condition in which the body or part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that under favorable conditions multiples and produces injurious effects |
| Contamination | the act of introducing disease causing germs or infectious material in an area or substance |
| Infestation | the invasion of the body or an area by macroscopic organisms |
| Pathogenic microorganism | a microorganism capable of producing disease; the host is the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment |
| True pathogen | microorganism that routinely causes disease upon entering the host real or genuine disease causing microorganism |
| Opportunistic pathogen | they ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal environment but may become pathogenic if the conditions or state of health of the host changes |
| Drug fast microorganism | resistance of a microorganism to the action of a drug or drugs |
| Staphylococcus aureus AKA MRSA is an example of this type of microorganism | drug fast or drug resistanct |
| Symptoms | subjective change casused by disease that are felt by the patient but are not directly measurable |
| Signs | objective changes caused by disease observed by a physician nurse or other person attending a patient |
| Syndrome | a group of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease |
| Communicable disease | a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another |
| Contagious disease | a communicable disease that is transmitted easily from one person to anther |
| Non communicable disease | a disease that is not transmitted from one person to another |
| Epidemiology | the science that studies when and where disease occur and how they are transmitted |
| Notifiable disease or reportable disease | a disease the physicians must report to the US Public Health Service |
| Incidence | the frequency or occurrence of a disease over a period of time and in relation to the population in which it occurs; the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period |
| 40K new cases of HIV in the US in 2006 is an example of an | incidence |
| Prevalence | the fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time prevalence takes into account new and old cases |
| In 2006 more than 1 million person are living with hiv/aids in the united states is an example of | prevalence |
| Sporadic disease | a disease that occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner |
| Endemic disease | disease that occurs continuously in a particular region |
| Epidemic disease | appearance of an infectious disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the geographical area; higher than a normal appearance of an infectious disease within a given population |
| Pandemic disease | disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world; worldwide epidemic |
| Acute disease | disease having a rapid onset and short duration |
| Chronic disease | slow onset and long duration |
| Latent or dormant disease | on outward signs and symptoms |
| Local infection | infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there |
| Systemic infection | also called a general infection; and infection that spreads throughout the entire body |
| Focal infection | one in which the organism are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body; these type of infections originate at a focus such as tooth cavity or sinus |
| Bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia | condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood |
| Viremia | the presence of viruses in the blood |
| Toxemia | the presence of toxins in the blood |
| Primary infection | the first infection that a host has after a period of health; an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
| Secondary infection | infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection |
| Mixed infection | infection caused by two or more organism |
| Subclinical infection | pertaining to a period before appearance of typical signs and symptoms of a disease |
| Exogenous Infection | arises from microorganisms transmitted from the outside of the body |
| Endogenous Infection | produced or arising from within the body for example the normal flora inside the gastrointestinal tract |
| A hospital acquired infection is an example of a | nonsocomial infection |
| Carriers | organisms that harbor pathogens and transmit them to other |
| Passive carriers | do not exhibits signs and symptoms of the disease |
| Active carriers | exhibit signs and symptoms of the disease |
| Convalescent carriers | recovering from a clinically recognizable form of a disease; have not returned to original state of health |
| Chronic carriers | transmit pathogens for longer than a year |
| Anthrax is an example of what type of disease | zoonoses |
| Zoonoses | diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans |
| Physical contact, droplet transmission and congenital transmission are all examples of | direct contact transmission |
| Ingestion, airborne transmission, vectors and formites are all example of | indirect contact transmission |
| Formites | inanimate objectives that can spread infection |
| Towels, bedding, keyboards, telephones, doorknobs and needles are what type of indirect contact | formites |
| Mechanical insect vectors | pathogen is carried on the outside of the insect vector |
| Biological insect vectors | generally involved an insect bite; the insect vector harbors the pathogen and the pathogen may actually carry out its life cycle in the insect vector and/or the host |
| What is similar to a protien chemcially and physically? | enzymes |
| whichi is an example of a substraint | PROTein, carbon, lipid |
| use of cold or refrigeration is a ? technique? | bacteriostatsis |
| keeping bodies in a refrigeration is an example of a ? technique | bacteriostatsis |
| when does the enzyme lost it's catalytic activity? | when the enzyme loses it's shape |
| Insect | Infestation |
| Comtamination | Object |
| Infection | Body |
| Type of microbial agent used to disinfect an entire room | fumigation |
| A good quality of disinfection is one that covers | a broad base of agents |
| A terminology of microbrial agent used to sertilze objects | comtamination |
| a metabolic reaction of a catalyst that is synthesis and consumes more energy that it produces | catabolic reaction |
| a metabolic reaction of a catalyst that is degraditive and produces more energy than it need | |
| Is the relationship between a substrate and catalyst specific | yes |
| An example of the relationship between a catalyst and a substrate is a | lock and key |
| The substrate name of a protien is a | protienase |
| the substrate name of a carbohysrate is a | carbohydrase |
| the substrate name of a lipid | lipidase |
| In a catalytic reaction enzymes are | not changed |
| A type of microbial agent used to remove or destroy all forms of microbial life including endospores | sterilization |
| incerneration, cremation and hot air sterilization oven are all exammple of | dry heat |
| boiling, free flowing steam and steam under pressure are all examples of | mosit heat |
| sterilization | highest level of growth control; process of completely removing and destroying life form including endospores |
| Pathogen agent distruction or control of microbal growth of pathagen (chem or phy) does not destroy enspores | disinfection |
| sterilization destroys | endospores |
| disinfection destroys | pathogens |
| What is the mechenism of UV radiation | causes mutation of dna cells |
| what is the mechanism of dryheat/autoclave | oxidation of celluar compounds and enzymes |
| what is the mechansim of mosit heat | denatures protein and enzymes |
| What is the mechanism of desciccation | water limits growth |
| what is the mechanismof cold | prevents growth |
| What is the mechanism fo scrubbing | scrubbing itself |
| What is the most complete control method | sterilization |
| Which technique is more efficeint technigue to control microbial growth moist heat or dry heat | moist heat, the high temperatures denatures protiens and enzemyes |
| Of the moist heat techniques which is the most effective kills the most microbial | hot air auutoclave 121 c for 15 mins |
| What describes a catabolic reactions | Degradative |
| What describes an anatobolic reaction | Synthetic |
| Which of the following best describes enzymes | Biological catalyst |
| Denaturation is the loss of an enzyme charaterisci three dimensional structure or shape | True |
| What term best describe the removal of all microbial life including endospores | Sterilization |
| What term best describe the removal of all microbial life excluding endospores | Disinfection |
| What is a derivative of phenolic | Cresol |
| What is a term that describes the inhibiting (not destruction) of the grwoth of bacteria | Bacteriostatis |
| Which physical microbial control method is the most efficient | Auto clave steam under pressure |
| Which group of lipolytic could dissolve cell membrance | Alcohols/Phenol |
| Which group is described as a strong oxidizing agent | Halogens |
| Which group is described as a reducing agent | Aldehydes |
| Which group is described as a surfacant | QUATS |
| Symbiosis | two or more organism living together |
| Mutualism | Both organism benefit |
| Commensalism | One organism benefits; no harm or benefit to the other |
| microbial antagonism | mutal oppositin or contray action |
| parasitism | mutal oppositionor contray action |
| infection | body or part of the body is invaded by a pathogen |
| contamination | introducing infectious material on a surface |
| infestation | invasion of an area by macroscopic organisms |
| true pathogen | microorganism routinely causes disease |
| opportunites pathogen | ordinarily do not cause disease |
| drug fast microorganism | drug resistant |
| Syndrome | a group of signs and symptoms |
| local infection | infection that loadges at one point |
| systemic infection | general infection |
| septicemia | multiplicationof bacteria in the blood |
| bacteremia | presense of bacteria in the blood |
| subclinical infection | period before signs and symptoms |
| droplet transmission | direct contact transmission |
| ingestation ozoonosisf contaminated food | indirect contact transmission |
| biological vector | indirect contact transmission |
| congenital transmission | direct contact transmission |
| fomite transmission | indirect contact transmission |
| zoonosis | disease of animals transmitted to humans |
| passive carrier | does not exhibit signs and symptoms of the disease |
| active carrier | exhibit signs and symptoms of the disease |
| chronic carrier | transmit pathogen for more than a year |
| convalescent carrier | recovering from a disease |
| THE DESTRUCTION OF ALL MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR PRODUCTS IS TERMED | STERILIZATION |
| THE INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION WITHOUT NECESSARILY DESTROYING THE ORGANISMS IS THE RESULT OF | AN ANTISEPTIC |
| THE DESTRUCTION OF ALL PATHOGENS AND THEIR PRODUCTS IS TERMED | DISINFECTION |
| AN AGENT WHICH DESTROYS YEASTS AND MOLDS IS TERMED A/AN | FUNGICIDE |
| AN AGENT WHICH LIBERATES GASES OR FUMES FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESTRUCTION OF INSECTS AND MICROORGANISMS IS CALLED | A FUMIGANT |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS MOST EFFICIENT IN DESTRUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS | STEAM UNDER PRESSURE |
| WHICH OF THESE IS PRIMARILY BACTERIOSTATIC IN ITS ACTION | COLD |
| THE MOST WIDELY APPLICABLE AND EFFECTIVE STERILIZING AGENT IS | HEAT |
| FREE-FLOWING STEAM IS ABOUT EQUAL TO | BOILING |
| THE AUTOCLAVE USUALLY GENERATES A TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT | 121 DEGREES F. |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A FACTOR IN THE ACTION OF A CHEMICAL DISINFECTANT | TIME OF DAY |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS USED AS A STANDARD TO MEASURE THE EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS | PHENOL |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND | ZEPHIRAN CHLORIDE |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A PHENOLIC COMPOUND | GLUTARALDEHYDE |
| A TERM THAT MAY BE USED TO DESCRIBE THE PRESENCE OF TRUE PATHOGENS ON INANIMATE OBJECTS | CONTAMINATION |
| MICROORGANISMS THAT PRODUCE DISEASE ONLY UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ARE | OPPORTUNISTS |
| WHAT TERM REFERS TO THE INVASION OF THE BODY BY MACROSCOPIC PARASITES | INFESTATION |
| WHAT TERM IS DEFINED AS THE INVASION OF THE BODY BY LIVING MICROORGANISMS WITH SUBSEQUENT MULTIPLICATION AND DISEASE PRODUCTION | INFECTION |
| WHAT TERM REFERS TO THE PREFERENCE OF A PATHOGEN FOR A PARTICULAR PART OF THE BODY | ELECTIVE LOCALIZATION |
| AN INFECTION WHICH IS CAUSED BY ORGANISMS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE BODY IS BEST DESCRIBED AS | ENDOGENOUS |
| AN INFECTION WHICH HAS RELATIVELY SHORT AND SEVERE COURSE IS TERMED | ACUTE |
| AN INFECTION WHICH REMAINS CONFINED TO A PARTICULAR PART OF THE BODY IS TERMED | LOCAL |
| WHAT INFECTION IS ONE IN WHICH MICROORGANISMS OR THEIR PRODUCTS ARE SPREAD BY THE BLOOD OR LYMPH TTHROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BODY | GENERAL |
| WHAT INFECTION IS ONE WHICH HAS A RELATIVELY SLOW ONSET AND LONG DURATION | CHRONIC |
| WHAT INFECTION SPREADS FROM ONE AREA OF INFECTION TO SET UP OTHER AREAS OF INFECTION IN THE BODY | FOCAL |
| WHAT INFECTION IS ONE IN WHICH THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS ENTER THE BODY FROM THE OUTSIDE BY ENTERING THROUGH ONE OF THE PORTALS OF ENTRY | EXOGENOUS |
| WHAT INFECTION IS ONE WHICH OCCURS IN AN INDIVIDUAL WHO ALREADY HAS AN INFECTION OF ANOTHER TYPE | SECONDARY |
| WHAT INFECTION IS ONE CAUSED BY TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ORGANISMS AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME | MIXED |
| WHAT IS A CONDITION IN WHICH BACTERIA ARE FOUND IN THE BLOOD BUT NOT MULTIPLYING THERE | BACTEREMIA |
| WHAT INFECTION OCCURS IN AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS NO OTHER ACTIVE INFECTION | PRIMARY |
| WHAT IS AN INFECTION OF THE BLOOD WITH ACTUAL GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION OF PATHOGENS IN THE BLOODS | SEPTICEMIA |
| WHAT INFECTION OCCURS AS A LATE COMPLICATION OF ANOTHER DISEASE AND IS ITSELF THE ACTUAL CAUSE OF DEATH | TERMINAL |
| A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE WHICH IS CONSTANTLY PRESENT TO A GREATER OR LESSER DEGREE WITHIN A COMMUNITY IS TERMED | ENDEMIC |
| A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE THAT ATTACKS A LARGE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN A COMMUNITY AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME IS TERMED | EPIDEMIC |
| A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE THAT OCCURS IN A COMMUNITY ONLY AS AN OCCASIONAL CASE IS TERMED | SPORADIC |
| A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE THAT HAS SPREAD TO MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY MAY BE DESCRIBED AS | PANDEMIC |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE OF A CARRIER | NEVER HAD DISEASE THAT IS BEING CARRIED, MAY HAVE HAD THE DISEASE AND RECOVERED, NO SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE |
| WHAT CARRIER HARBORS AND DISSEMINATES THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF A DISEASE FOR A LONG TIME FOLLOWING RECOVERY FROM A DISEASE | ACTIVE |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A MODE OF DIRECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION | DROPLET SPRAY |
| WHICH OF THESE TRANSMIT DISEASE BY BITING THE HOST | BIOLOGICAL VECTORS |
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD MOST LIKELY TRANSMIT TYPHOID FEVER AS A MECHANICAL VECTOR | HOUSEFLY |
| CONGENTIAL DISEASE TRANSMISSION OCCURS THROUGH THE | PLACENTA |
| THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE BLOOD WITH NO NOTICEABLE GROWTH OR REPRODUCTION IS | BACTEREMIA |
| A PERSON WHO HARBORS A PATHOGENIC MICROBE BUT DOES NOT EXHIBIT ANY SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE WHICH IT IS KNOWN TO CAUSE IS | A CARRIER |
| THE INVASION, MULTIPLICATION AND SPREADING OF MICROORGANISMS CAUSING HARM TO THE HOST IS | INFECTION |
| WHAT TYPE OF PATHOGENS CAUSE DISEASE UNDER MOST CONDITIONS | TRUE PATHOGENS |
| FOR DISINFECTION, ALCOHOL IS MOST EFFECTIVE IN A | 70% SOLUTION |
| THE PROCESS OF PASSING A LIQUID THROUGH A MATERIAL WITH PORES SO SMALL THAT BACTERIA CANNOT PASS THROUGH IS | FILTRATION |
| WHICH OF THESE CHEMICAL AGENTS IS A MEMBER OF THE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND FAMILY | BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE |
| THOSE MICROORGANISMS THAT DO NOT NORMALLY INVADE THE BODY OF THE HOST TO PRODUCE DISEASE ARE | NORMAL FLORA |
| WHICH OF THESE IS LEAST EFFECTIVE IN ACHIEVING A STERILE ENVIRONMENT | BOILING |
| WHICH MECHANICAL METHOD OF SANITATION IS LIKELY TO BE USED IN THE PRACTICE OF MORTUARY HYGIENE | SCRUBBING |
| WHICH OF THESE CHEMICAL AGENTS IS DESCRIBED AS A COAL-TAR DERIVATIVE | PHENOL |
| A BACTERIUM THAT PRODUCES INFECTION ONLY WHEN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ARISE IS | AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN |
| NORMAL FLORA BACTERIA WILL CAUSE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF INFECTION | ENDOGENOUS |
| WHICH OF THESE IS A CHEMICAL AGENT CAPABLE OF KILLING VIRAL ORGANIMS | VIRICIDE |
| WHAT CONTROL PROCESS IS USED TO DESTROY SOMETHING OF NO VALUE | INCINERATION |
| WHICH AGENT DESTROYS YEASTS AND MOLDS | FUNGICIDE |
| AN AGENT THAT LIBERATES GASES FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESTROYING MACROSCOPIC LIFE FORMS IS A | FUMIGANT |
| WHICH OF THESE STATEMENTS BEST DESCRIBES A PATHOGEN | AN ORGANISM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DISEASE IN A SUSPECTIBLE HOST |
| AN INFECTION THAT OCCURS AFTER ANOTHER INFECTION IS ALREADY PRESENT IS | A SECONDARY INFECTION |
| WHICH OF THESE INFECTIONS OCCURS WITH RAPID ONSET AND SHORT DURATION | ACUTE INFECTION |
| THE FIRST INFECTION THAT A PERSON HAS AT ANY GIVEN TIME IS | A PRIMARY INFECTION |
| AN INFECTION THAT IS CAUSED BY TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ORGANISMS IS A | MIXED INFECTION |
| THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS IN WHICH NEITHER CAN SURVIVE INDEPENDENT OF THE OTHER IS | SYMBIOTIC |
| A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS IN WHICH ONE IS DETRIMENTAL TO THE OTHER IS | ANTAGONISTIC |
| A MUTUALLY ADVANTAGEOUS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS IS | MUTUALISM |
| WHAT TYPE OF CONDITION IS PRODUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF AN ANTISEPTIC | BACTERIOSTATIC |
| WHICH OF THESE TERMS IS SYNONYMOUS WITH BACTERIOSTATIC | ANTISEPTIC |
| ULTRAVIOLET RAYS OF SUNLIGHT | ARE BACTERICIDAL |
| CONGENITAL DISEASE TRANSMISSION OCCURS THROUGH | THE PLACENTA |
| WHY ARE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT RAYS LETHAL TO BACTERIA | THEY DAMAGE THE DNA OR RNA OF THE MICROBE |
| WHAT IS THE IMPLICATION OF STERILIZATION | TO RENDER AN OBJECT FREE OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS |
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