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chapter 22 TRS
Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the respiratory system's Four Processes | Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), External respiration, Transport, Internal respiration |
| What is Pulmonary ventilation | breathing, movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| What is External respiration | O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood |
| What is Transport | O2 and CO2 in the blood |
| What is Internal respiration | O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues |
| Respiratory system: functional anatomy: Major organs | Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea,bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli |
| Respiratory zone | site of gas exchange: includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| Conducting zone | conduits to gas exchange sites; include all other respiratory structures |
| Respiratory muscles | Diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation |
| What is the function of the conducting zone of the bronchial tree | To warm, moisten, and filter the air |
| The __________ pleura cover the lungs. | visceral |
| The trachea divides into the left and right __________, which carry the air to the lung. | primary bronchi |
| The __________ assists in breathing by acting like a lubricant. | pleural fluid |
| What specifically do the trachea and bronchi contain that keeps the airways open? | Cartilage |
| Regulation of airflow in the bronchioles is maintained by: | smooth muscle. |
| The respiratory zone contains what structures for gas exchange? | Alveoli |
| The cell in the alveolus that secretes surfactant is called a __________. | type II cell |
| The respiratory membrane consists of the simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane of both the alveolus and the _____________. | capillary |
| Pulmonary edema __________ the thickness of the pulmonary membrane resulting in __________ gas exchange. | increases; less |
| The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as: | Boyle's law. |
| During inspiration, which muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity? | Diaphragm and external intercostals |
| Quiet __________ is a passive process caused by relaxation of the muscles. | expiration |
| Which pressure is always negative (acting like a suction to keep the lungs inflated)? | Intrapleural |
| If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, what will happen to the lung? | The lungs will deflate |
| During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than what pressure? | Atmospheric |
| Histamine, released during allergic reactions, increases resistance within the airways. Thus, histamine release would __________ airflow. | decrease |
| The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which __________ the airways. | constricts |
| In fibrosis, the compliance of the lung decreases, making it __________ to inflate the lungs. | harder |
| A decrease in pulmonary surfactant, as in respiratory distress syndrome, will decrease compliance by: | increasing surface tension. |
| Which of the following gases is approximately 20.9% of our atmosphere? | O2 |
| Calculate the partial pressure of CO2, given an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg and a 0.04% concentration of CO2. | 0.3 mm Hg |
| At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is __________ it is at sea level. | lower than |
| Which gas law explains why more CO2 than O2 dissolves in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure? | Henry's law |
| Which gas law explains how to calculate the partial pressure of each gas in an air sample? | Dalton's law |
| External respiration is the exchange of gases between: | pulmonary capillaries and alveoli. |
| Which of the following increases the partial pressure of water in the alveoli? | Humidification of inhaled air |
| The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries and in the alveoli is approximately: | 40 mm Hg in the capillaries and 104 mmHg in the alveoli. |
| The partial pressure gradient of CO2 between the pulmonary capillary and alveoli is approximately: | 5 mm Hg |
| When airflow is restricted, the partial pressure of O2 is low and the partial pressure of CO2 is high in the alveoli. What would happen (constriction or dilation) to the pulmonary arterioles and bronchioles during restricted airflow? | Arterioles constrict; bronchioles dilate |
| Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when how many molecules of O2 are bound to it? | 4 |
| After oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin at the tissues, hemoglobin is called: | deoxyhemoglobin |
| From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin is 98% saturated when the partial pressure of oxygen is 100%. Is this saturation level in the lungs or in the tissues? | In the lungs |
| At high altitudes, the partial pressure of O2 can decrease 20 mm Hg in the lungs. How does high altitude affect the saturation of hemoglobin? | There is a small decrease in the saturation of hemoglobin. |
| During exercise the partial pressure of O2 in the tissues can decrease 20%. How does exercise affect the saturation of hemoglobin? | There is a large decrease in the saturation of hemoglobin. |
| Would an increase or decrease in temperature, PCO2, or BPG decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? | An increase in any of these factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, releasing more oxygen to the tissues. |
| A decrease in body temperature would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in which direction? | Left (less O2 would be released to the tissues) |
| How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood? | as bicarbonate ions |
| As bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cell, what ions move in? | Chloride |
| In the lungs, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading from hemoglobin. This is known as the _________ effect. | Haldane |
Created by:
babyjill
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