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A & P chapter 17 & 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main organs of digestive system | mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anal canal |
| Accessory organs | teeth; tongue; salivary glands; liver; gallbladder; pancreas; appendix |
| Food processing | digestion; absorption; metabolism |
| Digestion | breakdown of food material either mechanically (e.g. chewing) or chemically (e.g. action by enzymes) |
| Absorption | passage of food substance from digestive organs into blood |
| Metabolism | complex process by which food is used inside the cell |
| Two typs of metabolism | anabolism and catabolism |
| Anabolism | process inside the cells where simple compounds are used to make more complex molecules (going from small to large-building up) |
| Catabolism | breakdown of complex compounds into simpler compunds (going from large to small-breaking down) |
| Assimilation | process by which substances are taken up by a cell-note NOT a form of metabolism |
| Mouth | where digestion begins |
| Uvula | cone-shaped structure that hangs down from soft palate that prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities when a person swallows |
| Structures of a tooth | crown (portion exposed and visible in the mouth); neck (portion surrounded by the gum tissue); root (portion that fits into the jaw socket) |
| Enamel | hardest material made by the body and forms the outer covering of the shell of the tooth in the crown |
| Cementum | covers the shell of the tooth in the neck and the root |
| Dentin | substance that makes up most of the shell of the tooth |
| Salivary glands | accessory digestive organs that begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth |
| Three pairs of salivary glands | accessory digestive organs that begin chemical digestion of carabohydrates in the mouth |
| Three pairs of salivary glands | parotid; submandibular; sublingual |
| Salivary amylase | digestive enzyme the begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth |
| Layers of the walls of the organs in the digestive system | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa |
| Mucosa | inner layer |
| Submucosa | just below the mucosa that contains the blood vessels and nerves |
| Muscularis | layer that is responsible for peristalsis |
| Serosa | outer layer that is also the visceral peritoneum |
| Three pars of the stomach | fundus, body, pylorus |
| Fundus | top part of the stomach that prevents the diaphragm from moving downward and may cause a person to have trouble taking a deep breath when the stomach is full |
| number of layers of muscle in the stomach wall | 3 |
| Rugae | folds in the stomach |
| gastritis | stomach inflammation |
| Nausea | feeling that one may vomit |
| Emesis | vomiting |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | heartburn or acid indigestion that results from stomach acid back-flowing into the esophagus |
| Ulcer | crater like destruction of the wall of the digestive lining, usually in the stomach |
| Three sections of the small intestine | Duodenum-->Jejunum-->Ileum (don't jump in) |
| Unique feature of small intestine | 3 structures that increase surface area for absorption--villi, microvilli, plicae |
| Lacteals | specialized lymphatic capillaries in the samll intestine that absorb large fat molecules |
| Gallbladder | storage for bile |
| Cystic duct | duct that drains bile from the gallbladder |
| Cholecystokinin | enzyme that causes the contraction of the gallbladder |
| Pancrease | enocrine and exocrine gland that produces enzymes that help digest all three food substances (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins); also produces insulin (decdreases blood glucose) and glucogons (increases blood glucose) |
| Insulin | hormone that reverses hyperglycemia |
| Hyperglycemia | increased blood glucose |
| Divisions of the larage intestine(colon): | cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus |
| Hepatic flexure | area of larage intestine that connects ascending colon and transverse colon |
| Splenic flezure | area of large intestine that connects transverse and desedending colon |
| Peritoneum | large sheet of serious membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
| Extensions of the peritoneum | mesentery and omentum |
| Chemical digestion | break up of food molecules into compounds having smaller molecules by action of enzymes |
| mechanical digestion | break up of food into smaller particles |
| Carbohydrate digestion | begins in mouth |
| Protein digestion | begins in stomACH |
| Fat digestion | begins in small intestine |
| Functions of the liver | produces plasma proteins; produces bile for mechanical digestion of fat; helps maintain proper blood glucose level |
| Fat digestion by bile | MECHSNICAL digestion (not chemical) because bile emulsifies (breaks apart) the big fat globules into smaller fat molecules that can be chemically acted up |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| Cirrhosis | degeneration of the liver tissue in which normal liver tissues if replaces by fibrous and fatty tissue |
| Pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| Diverticula | abnormal out-pouchings from the colon |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticula |
| Colitis | inflammation of the large intestine |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| Appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in teh peritoneal space |
| Kwashiorkor | condition when diet is sufficient in calories but deficient in protein |
| Marasmus | starvation, or diet insufficient in calories |
| Vitamins | organic molecule needed in small quantities to help enzymes operate effectively or to otherwise regulate metabolism in the body=two types water soluble and non-water soluble |
| Water soluble vitamins | unable to be stored C and B |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | can be stored by body-A, D, E, and K |
| Thermoregulation | homeostasis of body temperature |
| forms of heat loss | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation |
| Ways body conserves or generates heat | reducting blood flow to the skin; shivering; increasing the level of metabolism-stimulating hormone |
| Fever | rise in body temperature that is used to help the immune systems fight a pathogen. |
Created by:
carladanette
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