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Summer 2011 Micro
NWTC Microbiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an infection? | The relationship between to organisms and the competition for supremacy that takes place between them. |
| What is Disease? | Any change from the general change of good health. |
| What is Pathogenecity? | The ability of a pathogen to gain entry to a host and bring about change interpreted as disease. |
| Define Opportunistic Infection | A disorder caused by a micro-organism that does not cause disease but can become pathogenic if the host is immune compromised |
| What is an endotoxin? | An endotoxin is part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart. Example of disease- septic shock |
| What is an exotoxin? | Exotoxins are produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are secreted following lysis into the surrounding medium. Example of disease- tetanus |
| What is a communicable disease? | Disease that is readily transmissible between hosts. |
| What is noncommunicable disease? | Disease is acquired from the environment and not transmitted to another individual. |
| What genus exhibits the enzyme coagulase? | Staph |
| Who developed the first vaccination? | Jenner |
| What did Lister spray in surgical rooms to disinfect them? | Carbolic Acid (Phenol) |
| What are the stages in the course of a disease? | incubation, prodromal, climax, decline, convalescence |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of the source, cause and mode of transmission of disease within a population. |
| Who was the first to use chemicals to treat disease (example the "Magic Bullet" for syphilis?) | Paul Ehrlich |
| Microorganisms are antigenic, meaning they are capable of triggering the production of ________________. | Antibodies |
| ______________ is an example of a differential staining procedure which allows us to differentiate between bacterial cells visually. | Gram staining |
| Which staining technique is used to identify Mycobacterium? | Acid-fast |
| What type of cell has no nuclear membrane, and lacks organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi bodies? | Prokaryotes |
| What is the difference between indigenous and transient flora? | Indigenous lives their permanently whereas transient lives their for only a limited periods of time |
| What areas of the body that are normally sterile? | Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, internal organs |
| What is the characteristic route by which an exogenous pathogen enters the host? | Portal of entry |
| What are the basic shapes of bacteria? | sphere, rods, and spiral |
| What is the purpose of a bacterial capsule? | To protect the cells from phagocytosis. |
| All bacteria have a cell wall except ____________________. | Mycoplasma |
| When a gram negative cell dies, it releases ___________________. | Lipid A - an endotoxin |
| These are small strands of DNA that are involved in genetic mutation and carry R factors. | Plasmids |
| Name three of the deficient bacteria. | Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma |
| What is a incubation period? | The time from entry of a pathogen into the body until the first symptoms appear. |
| Human disease symptoms usually develop during when phase of bacterial growth? | Log Phase |
| Endospores are produced by what two genera? | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| Name some diseases caused by spores. | Anthrax-Bacillus anthracis, Tetanus- Clostridium tetani, Botulism-Clostridium botulinum, Gas gangrene- Clostridium perfringens |
| This group of bacterial are found in spoiled food in your refrigerator. | Psychrotrophs |
| These bacteria find the human body's temperature the best environment to live. | Mesophiles |
| What is a common example of halophiles? (They love potato salad at a picnic.) | Staph aureus |
| Which microbes can grow in either the presence or a reduced concentration of oxygen? | Facultative aerobes |
| This medium contains ingredients to inhibit the growth of certain microbes while allowing the growth of others. | Selective medium |
| _______________ copies genetic information into RNA. | Transcription |
| Who was the first to discover transponsons in maize? | Barbara McClintock |
| What is the central dogma of biology? | The flow of genetic information proceeds from DNA to RNA to protein. |
| What is the Ames test? | A diagnostic procedure used to detect potential cancer-causing agents in human by the ability of the agent to cause mutations in bacterial cells. |
| The transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell | Vertical gene transfer |
| The transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell | Horizontal gene transfer |
| This is the process in which DNA fragments from the environment bind to a competent recipient cell, pass into the recipient, and incorporate into the recipient's chromosome. | Transformation |
| The transfer of a few bacterial genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a bacterial virus. | Transduction |
| Bacteriophage (phage) | A virus that infects and replicates within bacterial cells. |
| Most common means of reproduction in bacteria is ______________, bacteria duplicates itself without genetic recombination-same genes as parent cell. | Binary fission (Asexual) |
| Name the three methods of genetic recombination in bacteria. | Transduction, Transformation, Conjugation |
| Conjugation | A one-way direct transfer of genetic material during copulation by the presence of a transmissible genetic element called sex factor. |
| To detect a viral infection, the microbiologist would measure what in your blood? | Antibodies |
| What is a virus? | An infectious agent consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. |
| The retrovirus can synthesize DNA from RNA because it contains _________________. | the reverse transcriptase enzyme |
| A completely assembled and infectious virus outside its host cell is a ______________. | virion |
| This refers to what organisms (host) the virus can infect. | Host range |
| This refers to what certain cell types or tissue the virus can infect | Tissue tropism |
| What are the five steps needed for the replication of a bacteriophage? | attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release |
| These occur when viral DNA integrates into a eukaryotic host chromosome and is then passed on from one generation to the next through cell division. | Provirus |
| What are viroids? | Tiny fragments of nucleic acid known to cause disease in crop plants |
| What are prions? | An infectious, self-replicating protein involved in human and animal diseases of the bran. |
| Projecting through the envelope of an influenza virus are two types of spikes which are? | Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase |
| How are humans infected with Hantavirus? | By breathing infectious aerosolized dried urine or feces of the deer mouse |
| What do the letters of the TORCH panel stand for? | T for toxoplasmosis, O is for other diseases, such as syphilis, R for rubella, C for cytomegalovirus, and H for herpes simplex virus |
| Shingles (zoster) is usually an adult disease produced by the same virus causing _____________. | Chickenpox |
| Koplik spots are associated with what disease? | Measles |
| The MMR vaccine protects us from what diseases? | Measles, mumps, rubella |
| What is a Downey cell and when are they do they develop? | A downey cell is a swollen lymphocyte with foamy cytoplasm and many vacuoles that develops as a result mononucleosis. |
| The primary reason for liver transplants in the US is due to this disease? | Hepatitis C |
| Sometimes referred to as "infectious hepatitis" involves an infected food handler (fecal-oral route) | Hepatitis A |
| This have the highest mortality rate of any human disease. | Rabies |
| Viruses that are caused by mosquitoes and ticks are known as ___________. | arboviruses |
| Name the six major types of white blood cells. | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Dendritic cells |
| The two key cells of acquired immunity are: | B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes |
| What is innate immunity? | An inborn set of nonspecific defenses that defend you form organisms in general |
| These small proteins send chemical signals that immune cells use to communicate with each other and mediate interactions between cells | Cytokines |
| Describe phagocytosis. | The process of capturing and digesting foreign particles like dead cells, cellular debris, pathogenic microorganism. |
| The body's four responses to tissue damage from injury or infection | Heat, redness, swelling, pain |
| These two cell are phagocytes | neutrophils and monocytes |
| What is interferon? | A protein released from a virus-infected cell, causes adjacent cells to produce antiviral protein which interferes with virus replication |
| What is complement? | A series of 30 proteins in plasma that become active and assist in enhancing phagocytosis, inflammation, and can directly lyse microorganisms |
| What is PAMPS? | The ability of the innate immunity to recognize pathogens by identifying unique microbial sequences not found on host cells |
| A substance that the body identifies as foreign and towards it mounts an immune response. | Antigens |
| Name the five immunoglobulins. | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
| This immunoglobulin is found in abundance in colostrum. | IgA |
| First antibody secreted into blood during early stages of primary immune response. | IgM |
| What are memory cells? | Produced during first exposure to an antigen, stand ready for years to quickly initiate antibody response if antigen appears again |
| Anaphylaxis or Immediate hypersensitivity is caused by | the harmful result of IgE antibodies made in response to allergens |
| A food allergy is which type of hypersensitivity | Type 1 |
| The best example of a cytoxic hypersensitivity (Type II) | transfusion reaction arising from the mixing of incompatible blood types |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Beta Strep) causes | Strep throat, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever |
| Neisseria meningtidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemphilus influenzae all cause what? | Meningitis |
| The cause of 80% of all bacterial pneumonias | Strep Pneumoniae |
| Hib vaccine prevents serious infections in children against what pathogen | Haemophilus influenzae |
| This bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics and causes pneumonia in CF patients, and is seen as infections in burn patients | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What is a clue cell? What disease in it seen in? | A clue cell is epithelial cell covered with organisms from gardnerella vaginalis. |
| An asexual process in bacterial by which a cell divides to form two new cells | binary fission |
| Infants receive Erythromycin ointment in the eyes to prevent blindness from what two STD's? | Gonorrhea, and chlamydia |
| The bulls eye rash is a common symptom of | Lyme Disease |
| How are fungus classified? | By their means of sexual reproduction. |
| Fungal diseases of the hair, skin, and nails | Dermatophytes |
| Thrush, vaginitis, onychia are all caused by what organism | Candida albicans |
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marie724
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