Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
U4: Respiratory Sys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory System | w/ cardiovascular system organs exchange respiratory gases between external environment and body via pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchanges, transport of respiratory gas, and exchange of gas b/t systemic capillaries and tissue cells. |
| Pulmonary ventilation | "breathing"; inhalation/inspiration and exhalation/expiration |
| Respiratory System organs | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs |
| External nose | consists of nasal bone superiorly and plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly |
| External nares/nostrils | where air enters/leaves nasal cavity |
| Nasal septum | midline divider of nasal cavity whose superior portion consists of perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and inferior portion of vomer bone |
| Goblet cells | cells in respiratory tract mucosa that produce sticky mucus to trap bacteria, debris; cilia will move mucus to pharynx |
| olfactory mucosa | bears receptors for sense of smell; located in small patch of superior aspect of nasal cavity |
| Conchae/Turbinates | projections in lateral walls of nasal cavity; include superior & middle conchae and inferior concha |
| Palate | forms floor of nasal cavity; anterior is "hard" and posterior is "soft" and posterior uvula |
| Paranasal sinuses | found in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones around nasal cavity; can have rhinitis |
| Nasolacrimal ducts | drain tears from eyes into nasal cavity |
| Pharynx | the throat; mainly skeletal muscle that facilitates swallowing; 3 sections-nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx | portion of pharynx posterior to nasal cavity; passageway for air; includes pharyngeal tonsil/adenoids, auditory/Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tubes |
| Oropharynx | portion of pharynx posterior to oral cavity and inferior to nasopharynx; passageway for food and air |
| Fauces | arch-like entranceway of oropharynx at junction w/ oral cavity |
| Laryngopharynx | most inferior section of pharynx; receives air and food where air enters larynx, and food enters esophagus |
| Larynx | receives air from laryngopharynx; attached to hyoid bone by ligament & continuous w/ trachea; "voice box" b/c contains true vocal cords; mainly made of pieces of cartilage-thyroid cart, cricoids cart, arytenoids cart, and epiglottis |
| Thyroid cartilage | "adam's apple," larger in males |
| cricoid cartilage | inferior to thyroid cartilage in larynx; attached to trachea |
| Arytenoid cartilage | posterior aspect of larynx; true vocal cords are anchored to them |
| Epiglottis | upper flap extension of larynx; "guardian of airways;" |
| True vocal cords/vocal folds | provide for ability to speak; attached to arytenoid cartilages via change in length |
| Laryngitis | inflammation of larynx; produces hoarseness due to swelling interfering w/ vocal cord ability to vibrate |
| Innervation of larynx | received via branch of vagus nerve and from recurrent laryngeal nerves; damage can cause signif. loss of speech ability |
| Trachea | "windpipe;" ends by dividing into two primary/main bronchi; firm due to 16-20 C-rings of hyaline cartilage; lines w/ pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; layers include mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia |
| Bronchi and Bronchioles | different sized tubes that convey air to, through, and from lungs |
| Order of bronchi | primary/main bronchisecondary/lobar bronchitertiary/segmental bronchibronchiolesalveoli |
| Lungs | fills thoracic cavity except mediastinum, left is smaller than right due to cardiac notch; divided into lobes by fissures and bronchopulmonary segments; has apex and base; consists of elastic connective tissue |
| Hilus/hilum | indentation on medial surface of each lung where bronchi and blood vessels enter and exit lung |
| Cardiac notch | indentation on anterior border of left lung into which the left aspect of heart fits |
| Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes | number of lobes in lungs |
| Bronchopulmonary segments | divisons of lungs; about 10 in each lung; separated by dense connective tissue; limit spread of some lung diseases due to separation |
| Serous membrane | directly covers surface of lungs; visceral pleura |
| Parietal pleura of lungs | lines walls of thoracic cavity |
| Pleural cavity | space between visceral and parietal pleura of lungs contains pleural fluid which provides lubrication needed for lungs to slide against thoracic wall |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura; often characterized by decreased production of pleural fluid causing dryness and irritation |
| Respiratory membrane/air-blood barrier | made of fused walls of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
| Alveolar macrophages | called dust cells; provide phagocytosis of bacteria, carbon particles, and general debris in alveoli |
| Surfactant | substance produced by some alveolar cells called Type II cells; keeps alveoli from collapsing b/t breaths. |
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) | premature infants suffer from this syndrome b/c surfactant is not usually present in adequate quantities |
| Pulmonary ventilation/breathing | involves inspiration and expiration, which occur w/ changes in volume that cause changes in pressure that cause air to flow |
| Inspiration events | contraction & lowering of diaphragm via phrenic nerve; contraction of external intercostals muscles; thoracic cavity volume increases, as does pleural cavity and lung volumes, which lowers lung air pressure, creating vacuum |
| Expiration events | passive process in healthy ppl; diaphragm relaxes (dome shaped); intercostal muscles relax, allowing ribs to descend; elastic fibers in lungs recoil; volume decreases in thoracic cavity, lungs, forcing out air |
| Pneumothorax | condition due to wound to chest wall w/ subsequent penetration of parietal pleura (or rupture of visceral pleura) allowing excess air to enter pleural cavity; breaks fluid bond b/t parietal & visceral pleura causing collapsed lung |
| Atelectasis | collapse of lung |
| Neural control of ventilation/breathing | phrenic & intercostal nerves contract main respiratory muscles; medulla oblongata is origin of impulses and has brain's most important respiratory center; chemoreceptors can also alter breath rate based on amt of oxy in blood |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPDs) | patients usually smokers, dyspnea (labored breathing) gets progressively worse, coughing & frequent pulmonary infections, hypoxia, retention of CO2, respiratory acidosis, respiratory failure; chronic bronchitis, emphysema |
| Chronic bronchitis | nearly always associated w/ smoking; severe inflammation of lower respiratory tract & excessive production of mucus which impairs ventilation, gas exchange; increased chance of lung infection, pneumonia |
| Emphysema | breakdown of alveolar walls and fibrosis in lungs; buildup of scar tissue decreases lung elasticity so expiration becomes difficult; leads to "barrel chest" |
| Lung cancer | 20x greater in smokers than non-smokers; cilia of respiratory tract become overwhelmed and stop functioning giving free radicals and carcinogens greater access to accumulate |
| Cystic Fibrosis | genetically-determined birth defect that involves over-secretion of a thick mucus that clogs respiratory passages and increases risk of fatal respiratory infections |
Created by:
mbtrimm
Popular Biology sets