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U4: Lymph&Immune Sys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major Structural Components of lymphatic and immune systems | lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs |
| Lymphatic vessels | transport fluid that has escaped from blood vessels back to blood stream |
| Lymphoid organs | house lymphocytes, phagocytic cells, both of which provide defense against infectious microbes and resistance to disease; include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils |
| Lymphatic system | network of lymphatic vessels course throughout body & transport lymph |
| Lymph | fluid derived from fluid that has leaked out of blood capillaries; ultimately fluid is returned to blood by being emptied into veins at base of neck |
| Lymphatic capillaries | smallest lymphatic vessels; pick up fluid leaked from blood capillaries; drain into lymphatic collecting vessels; very permeable, widespread; permeability is both a good and bad thing |
| Lacteals | lymphatic capillaries located in villi of small intestine mucosa, where they absorb digested fats |
| Lymphatic collecting vessels | larger lymphatic vessels; receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries under low pressure; run to and from lymph nodes; lead to lymphatic trunks |
| Lymphatic collecting vessel valves | compensate for the low pressure in lymphatic collecting vessels |
| Edema | swelling due to slow/non-movement of lymph; can be helped w/ movement of limbs |
| Lymph Nodes | remove pathogens from lymph; located in cervical, axillary, inguinal regions; |
| Afferent lymphatic vessels | lymphatic collecting vessels that convey lymph into lymph nodes |
| Efferent lymphatic vessels | lymphatic collecting vessels that transport lymph away from lymph nodes |
| Parts of lymph node | outer cortex (lymphoid follicles), inner medulla (lymph sinuses) |
| Lymphatic trunks | formed by convergence of largest of lymphatic collecting vessels; lead to lymph ducts |
| Lymph ducts | largest lymphatic vessels; from lymphatic trunks; empty into veins at base of neck; includes thoracic/left lymphatic duct and right lymphatic duct |
| Thoracic/left lymphatic duct | via convergence of many smaller lymphatic vessels, receives lymph from entire lower body and left side of upper body; empties into venous blood @ junction of L subclavian & internal jugular veins |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | not present in all people; when present, ultimately receives lymph from right side of upper body via other lymphatic vessels |
| Immune System | system that attacks specific foreign molecules known as antigens; main cells are lymphocytes; includes lymphoid tissue and organs |
| Lymphocytes | main cells of immune system; a type of WBC/leukocyte; each is primed to attack a specific antigen; types are B and T; derived from red bone marrow |
| Immunocompetence | ability to recognize a specific antigen; determines the particular type of lymphocyte each one becomes |
| T lymphocytes (T Cells) | lymphocytes that migrate from red bone marrow to thymus gland and acquire immunocompetence there |
| B lymphocytes (B Cells) | lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in bone marrow itself |
| B Lymphocytes (B Cells) | linked to antibody production b/c descendents plasma cells make antibodies |
| Antibodies | gamma globulin plasma proteins whose function is to bind to specific foreign molecules (antigens) |
| Cytotoxic (killer) T Cells and helper T cells | categories of T lymphocytes |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | directly attach to and lyse cellular targets, namely virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue graft cells |
| Helper T cells | amplify various aspects of immune response, thus help provide immunological strength against diseases & infections (HIV kills these cells) |
| Lymphoid Tissue | specialized type of connective tissue in which vast #s of lymphocytes gather to fight invading microorganisms; located in MALT and lymphoid organs; lymphoid follicles are important structurally |
| Lymphoid follicles | important structural features of lymphoid tissue; consist of densely packed lymphocytes, many of which are dividing; sites of lymphocyte production |
| MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) | located in mucosa of respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive tracts; esp. in digestive & repro tracts b/c especially vulnerable to microns and debris from food and air |
| Lymphoid organs | spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils |
| Aggregated lymphoid nodules | dense clusters of lymphocytes in ileum of small intestine (peyer's patches) and appendix of large intestine, components of MALT; |
| Red bone marrow and thymus | function to produce B and T lymphocytes |
| Thymus gland | located in superior thorax posterior to sternum; site where lymphocytes develop into T cells; large in infants/children, atrophies in adolescence and replaced w/ fatty connective tissue |
| Lymph Nodes | only lymphoid organs that actually filter lymph; most of body's challenges occur in this location where antigens are not only destroyed, but also activate B&T lymphos |
| Spleen | largest lymphoid organ; near stomach in upper left side of abdominal cavity; surrounded by fibrous capsule; microscopically white pulp (lymphos) and red pulp (erythrocytes); helps remove blood-borne antigens, defective RBCs; hemorrhages if ruptured |
| Tonsils | clusters of lymphatic tissue embedded in mucosa of throat/pharynx; collect & destroy bacteria/other pathogens in throat; four groups - palatine, adenoids/pharyngeal, lingual, tubal |
| Palatine tonsils | lie in lateral walls or oropharynx, posterior to oral cavity and soft palate; most often removed |
| Adenoids/pharyngeal tonsil | located on roof of pharynx, or more specifically on superior-posterior wall of nasopharyx |
| Lingual tonsil | located on root/base of tongue in oropharynx |
| Tubal tonsils | located just behind openings of pharyngotympanic/auditory/Eustachian tubes into nasopharynx |
| Lymphangitis | inflammation of a lymph vessel; visible through skin as red, tender lines |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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