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U4: Blood Vessels
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main types of Blood Vessels | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| Arteries | as heart beats, transport blood away from heart and toward other structural components of body; said to split, branch, divide, supply; red; ultimately split to form arterioles |
| Arterioles | result from splitting of small arteries; deliver blood to capillaries; control of symp. NS on walls has sig. influence on blood pressure/distribution |
| Capillaries | thinnest blood vessels; allow for exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid and tissue cells; beds are drained by venules |
| Venules | formed by union of capillaries; join to form veins; drain capillary beds; from these, blood moves into larger and larger veins |
| Veins | return blood to heart from the other structural components of the body; said to join, converge, unite, drain; blue; formed by union of venules |
| Walls of Arteries and Veins | three general layers (tunics); tunica interna (tunica intima), tunica media, tunica externa |
| Tunica interna (tunica intima) | innermost layer of arteries/veins; most important component is endothelium (simple squamous endothelium); form smooth surface to minimize friction of blood against innermost aspect of blood vessel walls |
| Tunica Media | middle layer of arteries/veins; consists mainly of smooth muscle, but also collagen and elastin fibers (for strength/elasticity); primarily controlled by symp. sys. of ANS; provides vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels. |
| Tunica Externa | outermost tunic of arteries/veins; layer of connective tissue that helps strengthen blood vessels and anchor them to surrounding structures such as nerves |
| Arteries | transport much more highly-pressured blood |
| Arteries | thicker, stronger walls b/c of especially thick tunica media |
| Veins | tend to have larger lumens (internal diameters) |
| Veins (primarily in upper/lower limbs) | have valves which allow blood to move only toward the heart, preventing buildup; contractions of skeletal muscles help squeeze blood back to heart |
| Veins | susceptible to varicosities |
| Veins | anastomose more (interconnections b/t blood vessels that provide alternate pathways of blood flow |
| Arteries | except for pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and umbilical arteries, all transport oxygenated blood |
| Veins | transport deoxygenated blood, except pulmonary and umbilical veins |
| Capillaries | smallest blood vessels; lumen so small cells pass single file; walls are simple squamous epithelium and thin basement membrane |
| Systemic capillaries | via diffusion, provide tissue cells w/ oxygen and receive carbon dioxide from them |
| Pulmonary capillaries | via diffusion, obtain oxygen from lung's alveoli and give up carbon dioxide to them |
| Capillary bed structure | network of capillaries formed by branching of true capillaries off of a metarteriole; precapillary sphincters wrap root of each capillary where it leaves metarteriole |
| Metarteriole | vessel that is structurally intermediate between an arteriole and capillary |
| Precapillary Sphincters | smooth muscle cells at root of each capillary where it leaves metarteriole; regulate flow of blood to tissue according to tissue's needs for oxygen, nutrients |
| Distribution of Capillaries | epithelial tissue, cartilage, lens, cornea are completely avascular, so no capillaries; tendons and ligaments have a few |
| Intercellular clefts | gaps of unjoined plasma membranes in endothelial cells in capillaries; allow for capillary permeability |
| Fenestrations | pores in some capillaries; occur only where there are very high rates of passage of small molecules through capillary wall, such as fenestrated glomerular capillaries of kidneys |
| Sinusoids | wide, leaky capillaries w/ wide intercellular clefts; occur where extensive exchange of large materials (big protein mols, entire cells) b/t blood and surrounding tissue; spleen, liver, red bone marrow |
| Blood-brain barrier | lease permeable capillaries of body; lack both intercellular clefts and fenestrations; not a barrier against lipid soluble mols like oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics |
| Vascular System | system of all body's blood vessels; two basic circuits are pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit |
| Pulmonary Circuit | division of vascular system; carries blood to and from lungs for uptake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide |
| Systemic Circuit | div of vascular system; transports oxy-rich blood to & carbon diox-rich, oxy-poor blood from all body parts; pick up nutrients from digestive tract & deliver to body cells; receive nitrogenous wastes from body cells & transport to kidneys |
| Aorta | largest artery of the body; direct & indirect branches supply virtually entire body with oxygenated blood; different parts are named for the course |
| Ascending Aorta | beginning of aorta; courses upward from left ventricle |
| Aortic arch | arch of aorta to the left immediately above heart; lies behind manubrium of sternum |
| Thoracic aorta | part of aorta that passes downward through posterior thoracic cavity behind heart |
| Abdominal aorta | part of aorta where it pierces the diaphragm; courses through abdominal cavity; ends by dividing into left and right iliac arteries |
| Right and left coronary arteries | branches off the ascending aorta; supply the heart with oxygenated blood |
| Branches off the Aortic Arch | brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery |
| Brachiocephalic trunk | artery; splits into right common carotid artery (supplies head) and right subclavian artery (supplies right upper limb) |
| Left common carotid artery | courses through neck lateral to trachea to supply head; divides into external carotid and internal carotid arteries |
| External carotid artery | supplies superficial aspect of head largely via facial artery and superficial temporal artery branches |
| Superficial temporal artery | supplies most of the scalp, branches of it bleed profusely in scalp wounds |
| Internal Carotid artery | supplies most of the cerebrum of brain |
| Middle meningeal artery | courses along inner surfaces of temporal & parietal bones; hard blows to side of head can tear this artery, producing intercranial hematoma that can cause compression of brain and disrupt brain function. |
| Left subclavian artery | branches at neck to vertebral artery |
| Vertebral artery | courses through openings in neck's cervical vertebrae, then through foramen magnum; left and right vertebral arteries unite in cranium to form basilar artery; along w/ basilar artery, supplies posterior brain w/ oxygenated blood |
| Basilar artery | uniting of left and right vertebral arteries in cranium; courses along base of brain stem; along w/ vertebral arteries, supplies posterior brain with oxygenated blood |
| Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) | arterial anastomosis (interconnecting network of blood vessels) unites brain's anterior blood supply (internal carotid arteries) and posterior blood supply (vertebral & basilar arteries) |
| Internal thoracic artery | subclavian artery gives rise to this artery; sometimes used for heart bypass surgery; descends just lateral and deep to sternum |
| Axillary artery | artery in armpit; from base of neck, left subclavian artery passes behind clavicle and enters armpit; becomes brachial artery in arm |
| Radial artery | artery that courses through lateral aspect of forearm |
| Ulnar artery | artery that courses through medial aspect of forearm |
| Palmar arches | interconnections b/t distal aspects of the radial and ulnar arteries form these arteries in the hand |
| Branches off the Thoracic Aorta | branches that supply the thorax |
| Branches off the Abdominal Aorta | include celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, & common iliac arteries |
| Celiac trunk/artery | 1st branch off of abdominal aorta; divides into splenic artery, common hepatic artery (liver), and left gastric artery (stomach) |
| Superior Mesenteric artery | 2nd branch off of abdominal aorta; supplies small intestine and part of large intestine |
| Renal arteries | supply kidneys; kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood received |
| Gonadal arteries | supply ovaries or testes |
| Common iliac arteries | what the end of the abdominal aorta divides into; each splits into interal iliac and external iliac arteries |
| Internal iliac artery | supplies pelvic organs, including uterus & urinary bladder |
| External iliac artery | supplies lower limb; enters thigh and becomes femoral artery |
| Femoral artery | origin is external iliac artery; courses through anteromedial thigh to behind knee where it becomes popliteal artery, which then splits into posterior & anterior tibial arteries |
| Posterior & Anterior Tibial arteries | supply back and front of leg, respectively; origin is popliteal artery; anterior portion become dorsalis pedis artery at ankle |
| Dorsalis pedis artery | origin is anterior tibial artery; courses over top of ankle and foot; provides place to feel pulse and can be used to determine if leg and foot are receiving adequate circulation |
| Major Systemic Veins | 3 important veins (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus); many are superficial; all converge toward the big 3. |
| Deep veins | follow same course as major arteries and often have the same names (esp in upper and lower limbs) |
| Dural sinuses | spaces b/t dural mater layers of brain that function as veins; receive/drain blood from brain |
| superior sagittal sinus | specific dural sinus that drains blood from brain and receives cerebrospinal fluid from subarachnoid space at top of head |
| Internal jugular vein | drains (receives) blood from dural sinuses (thus from brain); courses downward thru neck and unites w/ a subclavian vein @ base of neck to form brachiocephalic vein |
| External Jugular vein | courses b/t skin & sternocleidomastoid muscle; more superficial than jugular; receives blood from superficial head, empties in subclavian |
| Ulnar vein | deep vein in medial forearm |
| Radial vein | deep vein in lateral forearm |
| Brachial vein | deep vein in arm formed by union of radial and ulnar veins; empties into axillary |
| Basilic vein | superficial vein; courses through medial forearm & arm |
| Cephalic vein | superficial vein; courses through lateral forearm and arm |
| Median cubital vein | superficial vein; runs at angle from cephalic vein to basilica vein in anterior elbow; often used for venipuncture in order to obtain sample of blood for testing or administer intravenous substances |
| Axillary vein | ultimately receives blood from superficial and deep veins in upper limb; becomes subclavian vein near clavicle |
| Subclavian vein | unites w/ an internal jugular vein to form brachiocephalic vein |
| brachiocephalic vein | two of them; formed by union of a subclavian vein and internal jugular vein |
| Superior vena cava | formed by union of the 2 brachiocephalic veins; empties deoxygenated blood into right atrium |
| dorsalis pedis vein | courses relatively deep over foot & ankle; give rise to anterior tibial vein |
| Anterior tibial vein | deep vein in anterior leg |
| posterior tibial vein | deep vein in posterior leg |
| popliteal vein | deep vein in posterior knee |
| femoral vein | deep vein in thigh |
| small saphenous vein | superficial vein that courses through posterior leg (calf) and empties into popliteal vein |
| Great saphenous vein | superficial vein; begins in median ankle, courses through medial leg & thigh from which it drains blood; empties into femoral vein. Longest blood vessel in body; prone to varicose due to poor support; most often used for heart bypass surgery |
| external iliac vein | what femoral vein becomes when it enters pelvic cavity |
| Internal iliac vein | joins w/ external iliac to form common iliac vein |
| Common iliac vein | each is formed by union of external & internal iliac veins |
| Inferior vena cava | formed by union of the two common iliac veins; directly/indirectly receives blood from virtually all parts of body below diaphragm; ultimately empties deoxy blood into right atrium |
| Gonadal veins | drain blood from ovaries and testes; directly & indirectly empty into inferior vena cava |
| Renal veins | drain blood from kidneys into inferior vena cava |
| Hepatic veins | right & left; drain blood from liver directly to uppermost part of inferior vena cava. |
| Hepatic Portal Circulation | involves flow of blood from digestive organs to liver; main vessel of route is hepatic portal vein; blood in portal is nutrient-rich, but oxygen-poor; contains toxins and bacteria; this gives liver opportunity to process blood from digestive tract |
| Specific ways liver processes blood from digestive tract | remove some glucose and store as glycogen; use amino acids to make plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen); detoxify harmful chemicals |
| Fetal Circulation | lungs are not yet functioning, so gas exchange occurs in placenta via umbilical vessels; blood bypasses lungs via foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus |
| Cyanosis | blue baby; can be caused if foramen ovale or ductus arteriosus do not close around time of birth, or other causes |
| Atherosclerosis | formation of fatty mounds that protrude into lumen of arteries, causing clotting; triggered by damage to endothelium of tunica intima via high blood pressure, physical blows, infections, chemicals; treatment via coronary bypass or balloon angioplasty |
| Arteriosclerosis | hardening and subsequent loss of elasticity of arteries |
| Aneurysm | sac-like widening or outpocketing of blood vessel (usually artery) that puts vessel at risk of rupturing |
| Varicose veins | weakened venous valves allow excess blood to pool up in veins leading to permanent distension; common in obese, pregnant, and ppl that have to stand for long periods |
| Deep vein thrombosis of lower limb | involves formation of blood clots in veins of lower extremity (usually thigh); clot can detach and travel to lung/heart to cause pulmonary embolism; usually caused by sluggish flow in veins in inactive/bedridden ppl |
| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of vein that results when blood clot forms in vessel |
| Microangiopathy of diabetes | common complication of diabetes mellitus; elevated blood sugar leads to deposit of glycoproteins in basement membrane of capillaries; most effected parts are kidneys, retina, peripheral nerves, feet |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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