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U4: Blood/Marrow
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | subdivided into cardiovascular system and lymphatic system. |
| Cardiovascular system components | blood, heart, blood vessels |
| Lymphatic system components | fluid called lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs |
| Blood | transports everything in body (nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones); a specialized variety of connective tissue in which blood cells and cell fragments are suspended in fluid matrix called plasma |
| Hematocrit | 45% of the total volume of a blood sample; red mass at bottom of tube of centrifuged blood; consists of ertythrocytes/RBCs; can vary from person to person; low percentage can indicate anemia |
| Buffy coat | thin, gray-white layer at junction of erythrocytes and plasma in centrifuged blood; consists of leukocytes/WBCs and platelets/thrombocytes |
| 45% hematocrit, 55% straw-colored plasma, buffy coat | components of centrifuged blood |
| Plasma | liquid matrix component of blood; approx. 90% water, makes up about 55% of blood volume; includes imp. substances - plasma proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, metabolism waste, respiratory gases, hormones |
| Plasma proteins | most are made by liver; includes albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
| Albumin | plasma protein; contributes to osmotic pressure of blood; helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream |
| Globulins | plasma protein; include gamma globulins/antibodies, which bind to & promote destruction of antigens (foreign/potentially harmful molecules) |
| Fibrinogen | main plasma protein involved w/ blood clotting; along w/ calcium ions & platelets, participate in complex series of chem. reactions to achieve clotting/coagulation |
| Electrolytes | in plasma; include sodium, potassium, calcium |
| Nutrients | in plasma; include glucose, lipids, amino acids |
| Formed elements of blood | blood cells and cell fragments; suspended in plasma; include erythrocytes/RBCs, leukocytes/WBCs, Platelets/Thrombocytes |
| Erythrocytes/RBCs | formed element of blood; transport oxygen; anucleated & lack organelles, formed in red bone marrow, bionconcave disc shape for increased surface area; sig. factor in viscosity of blood. |
| Hemoglobin | iron-containing protein molecules used by RBCs to transport oxygen (RBCs use it to pick up oxygen in lung capillaries and release it from systemic capillaries; oxidations of its iron atoms give blood red color |
| 5 million | number of RBCs per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood |
| 100-120 days | life span of RBCs |
| Liver and Spleen/RBC graveyard | old RBCs are removed from bloodstream by these organs, which process the remains of dead RBCs. |
| Polycythemia | a higher than normal number of RBCs; "vera" variety results from cancer of red bone marrow; severe case causes abnormal increase in viscosity of blood, which slows flow through vessels |
| Reticulocytes | young/immature RBCs that maek up 1-2% of RBCs in blood; amounts outside this range indicate RBC production at an accelerated/decreased rate, which indicates change in red bone marrow |
| Anemia | involves decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that may be result of too few RBCs or deficient/abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs; types - hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic, hemorrhagic, iron-deficiency, sickle cell |
| Hemolytic Anemia | involves decreased number RBCs b/c of excessive lysis (rupturing) or RBCs |
| Pernicious Anemia | involves decreased number RBCs b/c of vitamin B12 deficiency usually due to lack of stomach-produced intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption by small intestine |
| Aplastic Anemia | involves decreased number RBCs in association w/ suppression or destruction of red bone marrow |
| Hemorrhagic Anemia | due to excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding from wounds, ulcers, or esp. heavy menstruation |
| Iron-deficiency Anemia | involves inability to make enough hemoglobin |
| Sickle-cell Anemia/disease | genetic defect; leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules that change shape when concentration of oxygen in blood is relatively low; distort into crescent shape, prone to rupturing; can cause pain/ischemia; mainly in ppl of African descent |
| ABO Blood Groups & the Rh Factor | plasma membranes of RBCs have genetically determined antigens; one person's antigens will appear foreign to body if they do not match another person's antigens in blood transfusions |
| Antibodies | "recognizers" of foreign antigens in plasma that attach to RBCs bearing antigens different from recipients during transfusions causing agglutination |
| Agglutination | RBC clumping due to binding of antibodies to foreign antigens on foreign RBCs. |
| ABO Blood Groups | groups based on two types of inherited antigens (A and B); four different types |
| Type A blood | person has type A antigen on RBC plasma membranes (and anti-B antibodies in plasma) |
| Type B Blood | person has type B antigen on RBC plasma membranes (and anti-A antibodies in plasma) |
| Type AB Blood | person has both type A and B antigens on RBC plasma membranes (but has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma) |
| Type O blood | person has neither type A or type B antigens on RBC plasma membranes but has both anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma) |
| Presence or Absence of Rh Factor | determines whether a positive or negative designation is applied to a person's blood type |
| Leukocytes/WBCs | formed element of blood; defend against infectious microorganisms; less numerous than RBCs; most types made in red bone marrow, some types made in lymphoid organs; larger than RBCs (except lymphocytes) |
| Help defend body against infectious microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites | overall function of leukocytes/WBCs |
| Diapedesis | process where WBCs squeeze b/t endothelial cells that form walls of capillaries to travel to infection sites by amoeboid motion |
| Leukocytosis | significant increase in number of WBCs (exceeding 11,000 per cubic millimeter |
| Leukopenia | abnormally low WBC count resulting from excessive use of steroids or red bone marrow suppression/damage |
| Granuolocytes & Agranulocytes | major (general) groups of WBCs |
| Granulocytes | contain granules in cytoplasm, each cell has purple lobed nucleus of clumps joined by thin strands; include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Neutrophils | Granulocyte; most numerous of WBCs; multi-lobed nucleus; pale pink fine granule cytoplasm; active phagocytes; granules similar to large lysosomes w/ digestive enzymes that kill bacteria |
| Eosinophils | Granulocyte; usually bi-lobed nucleus; granules/cytoplasm dark pink; role in turning off allergic responses; attack and kill parasites, including worms |
| Basophils | Granulocytes; least numerous of WBCs (about 1 out of 200); large darkly stained, blackish granules that can release histamine, which promotes inflammation by causing vasodilation; fuction is almost identical to mast cells |
| Agranulocytes (agranular leukocytes) | group of WBCs; lack visible cytoplasmic granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Lymphocytes | 2nd most numerous of WBCs; usually spherical, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of cell volume; thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm usually visible. |
| Mainly in lymphoid tissue in walls of digestive and respiratory tracts; lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen | Where most lymphocytes are located |
| Immunity | lymphocytes are the main cells that provide this b/c each lymphocyte has the ability to recognize and act against a specific foreign molecule (these molecules are antigens) |
| B lymphocytes/B cells and T lymphocytes/T cells | two varieties of lymphocytes; have different functions and different kind of antigen targets |
| B Lymphocytes/B Cells | linked to antibody production |
| Antibodies | plasma proteins that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytosis or other means |
| T Lymphocytes/T Cells; specifically cytotoxic/killer T cells | directly attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells, and unfortunately, tissue graft cells |
| Monocytes | largest of the WBCs in bloodstream; look somewhat like large lymphocytes on slides; contain larger proportion of cytoplasm, grayish-blue color; nucleus has 1+ indentations and may have horseshoe/kidney shape |
| Macrophages | monocytes become very active phagocytes when they exit the bloodstream and enter loose connective tissue and lymphoid organs where they phagocytize foreign cells & debris |
| Neutrophils, 60%; Lymphocytes, 30%; Monocytes, 6%; Eosinophils, 3%; Basophils, 0.5% (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) | approximate relative percentages of 5 types of leukocytes in blood of avg. healthy person |
| Pus | dead neutrophils and other WBCs + tissue debris + bacteria |
| Leukemia | type of cancer in which huge numbers of abnormal WBCs are rapidly produced; not able to carry out their normal functions, so person is more vulnerable to extensive infections; late stage tends to bleeding problems and anemia. |
| Plateletes/Thrombocytes | formed element of blood; cell fragments; provide for blood blotting, seal/plug tears in torn vessels; made in red bone marrow |
| Blood clotting/coagulation | complex sequence of chemical reactions producing a network of fibrin threads at sites of torn blood vessels |
| Thrombus | undesirable blood clot that forms and persists in an intact/non-torn blood vessel; may prevent blood flow to cells beyond the blockage; can be life threatening |
| Embolus | a thrombus that has broken away from the blood vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream; can cause a stroke or pulmonary embolism |
| Thrombocytopenia | an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood; characterized by diminished blood clot formation & internal bleeding from small vessels; cause may be bone marrow suppression, leukemia, overactive spleen |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | quantifies the various blood cells & measures basic aspects of blood chemistry, provides premlim assessment of patient health. Measures hematocrit, hemoglobin content, # of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets per cubic mm of blood. |
| Hematopoiesis or Hemopoiesis | blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow | located w/in spongy bone of several bones (hip, sternum, ribs, skull, epiphyses of some long bones); made of reticular connective tissue; site of hematopoiesis |
| Sinusoids | wide capillaries in reticular connective tissue of red bone marrow; at maturity, RBCs migrate into these to enter the bloodstream |
| Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell/hemocytoblast | all types of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) arise from a certain type of stem cell in the red bone marrow |
| Erythropoietin | a hormone produced and secreted by certain cells in the kidneys; stimulates RBC production in the red bone marrow |
| Bone Marrow Biopsy | procedure in which a special needle is used to withdraw a small sample of marrow from sternum or ilium of hip bone; provides for microscopic exam in even of bone marrow problems |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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