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Lecture 13 Dr White
Pathoigenic Gram Negative Cocci
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gram Negative Bacteria are | the largest group of human bacterial pathogens |
| Lipid A in the bacterial cell wall | triggers fever,vasodilation,inflammation,shock,DIC-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
| DIC happens | in response to a variety of diseases |
| DIC | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
| DIC leads to | formation of small blood clots in blood vessels throughout the body |
| As small clots use up coagulation proteins and platelets | normal coagulation is disrupted and abnormal bleeding occurs from the skin,the GI tract, \the respiratory tract, and surgical wounds |
| The small clots disrupt normal blood flow to | organs (which may malfunction) |
| DIC may result in | multiple organ failure |
| Almost EVERY Gram negative bacterium that can breach the skin or mucous membranes | grow at 37C and evade the immune system can cause disease |
| Neisseria is the | only genus of gram negative cocci that regularly causes disease in humans |
| Neisseria is a | Nonmotile, Aerobic bacteria |
| Neisseria is most often | Diplococci(pairs) |
| Neisseria is distinguished from other gram- pathogens by being | Oxidase positive |
| Pathogenic strains of Neisseria have | fimbrae,polysaccharide capsules, and cell wall antigen lipooligosaccharide(LOS) |
| Lipooligosaccharide(LOS) | is composed of Lipid A and sugar molecules |
| Neisseria cells that lack any of the 3 virulence factors are usually | avirulent |
| Two Neisseria species are pathogenic to humans | N.Gonnorhoeae,N Meningitidis |
| Neisseria is | Fastidious i.e. (requires specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements) |
| Fastidious | hard to please |
| Neisseria is cultured on | Chocolate agar or on selective medium called Modified Thayer Martin Medium (MTMM has various antibiotics for selection purposes) |
| Growth is enhanced on Neisseria by providing | a moist atmosphere of 5% CO2 |
| Neisseria is susceptible | to drying,sunlight,UV light, and extreme temperature |
| Neisseria Gonorrhoeae | causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea |
| Neisseria Gonorrhoeae occurs | in humans only |
| Most Gonorrhea cases occur | in adolescents(especially those who engage in promiscuous sexual lifestyles in the southeastern US) |
| Gonorrheae is 19 times | more common in Blacks than non blacks |
| In the US race is a risk marker for | Gonorrheae |
| Prior to 1997 Gonorrheae rates were higher among | men |
| Since 2008 Gonorrheae rates are higher among | women |
| Men have | a 20% chance of Gonorrheae infection during a single encounter with an infected partner |
| Women have | a 50% chance of Gonorrheae infection during a single encounter with an infected partner |
| The risk of Gonorrheae infection increases | with increase in sexual encounters |
| N.Gonorrheae adhere via | fimbriae and capsules |
| as few as 100 pairs of N.Gonorrheae cells | can cause infection |
| N.Gonorrheae secrete a | protese enzyme that cleaves secretory IgA in mucous (thus protecting themselves from the immune system. |
| Cleaves | to adhere firmly |
| Endocytized N.Gonorrheae bacteria | survive and multiply within neutrophils |
| As N.Gonorrheae bacteria multiply | the intracellular bacteria are transported by phagocytes throughout the body |
| Gonorrhea in men signs and symptoms | Insufferably Symptomatic,Acute inflammation,painful urination,pus filled discharge,lesions, (can cause infertility if left untreated) |
| Gonorrhea in women signs and symptoms | 30% to 60% of women are asymptomatic, can trigger PID(pelvic inflammatory disease),inflammation of fallopian tube and or ovaries,scar formation with adhesions |
| Gonorrhea can infect | children during childbirth |
| Gonococcal Infections outside the reproductive system | Female urethra,Anus,Pharyngitis,gingivitis, arthritis,endocarditis,conjunctivitis |
| Diagnosis of Gonorrhea in men | symptoms and presence of gram- diplococci in pus from inflamed penis |
| Diagnosis of Gonorrhea in women and asymptomatic men | identified via immunoassay or polymerase chain reaction(PCR extremely specific) |
| Treatment of Gonorrhea | Long term specific immunity does not develop due to strain differences. Resistant to most antimicrobials,CEFTRIAXONE |
| Gonorrhea prevention | Sexual abstinence, long term mutually monogamous relationship, latex condoms |
| Super Gonorrhea | genetically mutated to evade Cephalosporins |
| Neisseria meningitidis | polysaccharide capsule resists lytic enzymes of phagocytosis and phagocytized bacteria can survive,multiply, and be carried throughout the body inside neotrophils and macrophages |
| Neisseria meningitidis can be | normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract |
| Neisseria meningitidis is life threatening when | bacteria invade blood or cerebrospinal fluid |
| Bacteria invading blood or cerebrospinal fluid is | the most common cause of meningitis in children and young adults younger than 20 |
| Neisseria meningitidis bacteria is transmitted | among people living in close contact(families,soldiers in barracks,students in dorms) |
| Neisseria meningitidis is 23 times | more prevalent in students in dorms than in general populations |
| People whose lungs have been irritated by dust | are more susceptible to Neisseria meningitidis |
| US incidence of meningitis is | 0.3 cases per 100,000 people |
| Meningitis symptoms include | sore throat,fever,headache,stiff neck,vomiting,convulsions |
| Meningitis can progress | rapidly causing death within 6 hr of onset |
| Meningococcal septicemia can be | life threatening. |
| Meningitis can cause | petechiae(minute hemorrhagic skin lesions on trunk and lower extremities(may coalesce and combine to form large black lesions |
| Meningitis Diagnosis is | very critical |
| Meningitis Diagnostics | Gram negative diplococci within phagocytes in CSF,antibiotics to prevent delay,Serological tests |
| Meningitis Prevention is unlikely | due to asymptomatic carriers |
| Pathogenic Gram Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli families | Enterobacteriaceae,Pasteurellaceae (includes important nosocomial pathogens) |
| Enterobacteriaceae is | oxidase negative |
| Pasteurellaceae is | oxidase positive |
| Enterobacteriaceae can be | Coccobacilli or bacilli |
| Enterobacteriaceae is motile by | peritrichous flagella |
| Enterobacteriaceae have | prominent capsules or loose slime layers |
| ALL Enterobacteriaceae | reduce nitrate to nitrite,ferment glucose anaerobically but grow better aerobic,oxidase negative |
| Enterobacteriaceae is distinguished by | using biochemical tests,motility,growth on selective and differential media |
| Enterobacteriaceae is | Normal flora in animals and humans,Ubiquitous in water, soil, and decaying vegetation, |
| Some Enterobacteriaceae are always | pathogenic on humans |
| Enterobacteriaceae are | the most common Gram negative pathogens of humans |
| Pathogenicity of Enterobacteriaceae | Outer membrane is composed of 3 antigenic components(core polysaccharide Common antigen,O Polysaccharide O antigen,Lipid A |
| Some Enterobacteriaceae have other antigens | K & H |
| Enterobacteriaceae virulence factors | capsules,fimbriae and adhesion,exotoxins,iron binding compounds called siderophores,hemolysins,TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM |
| TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM | emulates a hypodermic needle on the cellular level and injects proteins into the host cell that aid in cell infection |
| Enterobacteriaceae types include | Shigella,Salmonella,Escherichia Coli,Burkholderia,Yersinia,Chlamydia,Pseudomonas,Vibro |
| Enterobacteriaceae plant pathogens | Erwinia,Ralstonia,Rhizobium, and Xanthomonas |
Created by:
tla1957
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