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Biology S2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st Degree Consumer | Eats producers, eaten by 2nd and 3rd degree consumers. |
| 2nd Degree Consumer | Eats 1st degree consumers and producers, eaten by 3rd degree consumers. |
| 3rd Degree Consumer | Eats 2nd degree consumers, 1st degree consumers, and producers. |
| Symbiosis | A relationship between two organisms. |
| Mutualism | Symbiosis that helps both organisms. |
| Commensalism | Symbiosis that helps one organism and doesn't affect the other organism. |
| Parasitism | Helps one organism and hurts the other organism. |
| Biotic Factors | Living things in an environment. |
| Abiotic Factors | Non-living things in an environment. |
| Individual | A singular organism. |
| Species | A group of similar organisms that can mate and have fertile offspring. |
| Population | A group of singular organisms of the same species that live in the same area. |
| Community | Different populations that live in the same area. |
| Ecosystem | A community and the non-living matter it's surrounded by. |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems that have similar climates and dominant communities. |
| Biosphere | The world/the entirety of what we study and organize biologically. |
| Carrying Capacity | The number of individuals that an environment can hold. |
| Density-Independant Factors | Factors that affect a population, but not directly proportionately to the size of the population (seasonal cycles, climate, and human activity). |
| Density-Dependant Factors | Factors that affect the population proportionately to the size of the population (parasitism, disease, and predation). |
| Amount of energy passed through trophic levels | 10%. |
| Heterotroph/ Consumer | An organism that gets its food from another organism. |
| Producer/ Autotroph | An organism that gets food from the sun, or can produce their own food. |
| Food Chain | A route by which energy is transferred from organism to organism. |
| Food Web | Numerous food chains that intertwine at one or more points. |
| Law of Conservation Energy | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Energy conversion never converts 100% energy; some is lost as heat. |
| Production Efficiency | Food assimilated that is not used for cellular respiration divided by the amount used. |
| Insect Production Efficiency | 33% |
| Fish Production Efficiency | 10% |
| Birds and Mammals Production Efficiency | 1-3% |
| Why a food web is a good representative for an ecosystem | It can show all the organisms and how they relate to eachother. |
| Competition | (context) Individuals fighting for one resource because there isn't enough of the resource to support all of them. |
| Predation | The process of one organism attacking, killing, and eating another organism. |
| Greenhouse Effect/How it helps | Traps heat so that the earth can be populated by more organisms. |
| An organism's scientific name | Genus species |
| Cladogram | Showing change/evoultion in multiple species over time and how/when species became different and branched out. |
| Bacteria- Basic Facts | Helpful more than harmful; only 1-3% and 1% cause disease/death; can produce oxygen, break down foods, keep us healthy, and create vitamins/food; oldest organisms in existence; antibiotics kill them. |
| Bacteria Cellular Structure | Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus. |
| Binary Fission | when a bacteria grows to twice its original size and it splits into two identical cells with the exact same DNA. |
| Conjugation | When two bacteria attach to eachother and exchange some genetic information. |
| Spore Formation | When a bacteria comes across unfavorable conditions and seals the DNA into a wall in the cytoplasm. When conditions become favorable again, it germinates and the bacteria will come back to life. |
| Decomposers | A type of bacteria that ultimately turn unusable, complex compounds, like dead organisms, chemicals, waste, and leftover products, into easily used compounds, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. |
| Nitrogen Fixers | A type of bacteria that make nitrogen a usable compound for plants through the process of nitrogen fixation. |
| Human Uses of Bacteria | digesting petroleum (cleaning up oil spills), making types of edible produce, removing waste and poison from water, mining minerals from the ground, synthesizing drugs, digesting our food, and providing new vitamins. |
| Viruses' Structure | DNA or RNA core, a protein coat, and sometimes a coat of lipids. |
| Virus Reproduction | Need a host cell for it to corrupt and to make copies of the virus with. |
| Retroviruses | A type of virus that has high mutation rates, making more resistent to drugs. |
| DNA Viruses | A type of virus that has low mutation rates because DNA polymerase proofreads all of the DNA, making mutations less likely. |
| Latent | Present, but not active. |
| Lytic Cycle | The process of a virus (esp. bacteriophage) attatching to a cell by a specific receptor, injects its DNA, produces viral proteins and viral DNA/RNA and assembles them, then has lysosomes attack the cell's membrane. The result is the death of the cell. |
| Lysogenic Cycle | The process of a virus (esp. bacteriophage) binding to a cell's receptor and injecting its DNA which combines with the DNA of the cell/host to make a prophage. One prophage gene surppresses the others, so the cell thinks nothing is wrong. |
| Do viruses cause cancer? | They might; they weaken the body/immune system and mutate oncogenes which will decrease specialization and increase growth of useless genes. |
| Pathogen | A disease causing organism. |
| Non-Specific Resistance | A part of the immune system that defends against foreign objects in general in the body. |
| Specific Resistance | Parts of the immune system like antigens that protect the body from a specific kind of bacteria/virus/infection. |
| Phagocytes/Macrophages | A part of the immune system that engulfs particles and presents them to T-helper cells. |
| T-Helper Cells | A part of the immune system that organizes the immune system. |
| T-Cytoxic Cells | A part of the immune system that kills infected cells. |
| T-Surppressor Cells | A part of the immune system that prohibits the activities of T-cells and B-cells as needed. |
| B-Cells | A part of the immune system that recognizes foreigners and becomes a plasma cell and marks the cells for destruction with the plasma. The extra cells that don't become plasma cells become memory cells. |
| T/F: A volvox has all organelles most cells do | True |
| Bacilli | A rod-shaped prokaryotic bacteria. |
| Cocci | Sphere-shaped prokaryotic bacteria. |
| Spirilla | Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotic bacteria. |
| T4 Bacteriophage | A virus (bacteriophage) that has a large head containing its DNA. Underneath it is a much skinnier tail sheath, and at the base of that are tail fibers. |
| Kingdoms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. |
| Domains | Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria. |
| Protist | Simplest eukaryotes, have a membrane bound nucleus, many organelles, most are unicellular, but some are multicellular. |
| Animal-Like Protist/Protozoa | All are heterotrophic, phyla is based on movement. |
| Sarcodina | A phylum of animal-like protists, form of movement is by pseudopods, or projections of the cytoplasm, ex. amoeba. |
| Ciliophora | A phylum of animal-like protists, form of movement is by cilia, or teeny hairs used like oars, ex. paramecium. |
| Zoomastigina | A phylum of animal-like protists, form of movement is flagella, or teeny hairs used like oars, ex. Giardia. |
| Sporozoa | A phylum of animal-like protists, they don't move, ex. Plasmodium. |
| Plant-like Protist | Commonly called algae, most are photosynthetic/have chlorophyll. |
| Dinoflagellata | Associated with tides, or when a section of the ocean has a noticeable amount of blood in it; blood is caused by this because it eats away at fishes' skin. A lot of exposure may cause respiration, eye irritation, and stomach cramps in humans. |
| Fungus-like Protist | Obtain food from environment (heterotrophic), ex. downy mildew (potato famine). |
| Why did the potato famine only affect Ireland? | Because Ireland, unlike everywhere else, only had one type of potato. |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic; heterotrophic; three kinds: decomposers, parasitic, and mutualistic; structure: cell wall made of chitlin & a mass of threadlike filaments called hyphae that branch out to form a network; reproduce by releasing spores, 4 phyla. |
| Zygomycota | A fungi phylum, most are decomposers, sexually reproduce by sex conjugation when + and - hyphae touch, causing the tips to enlarge and the two organisms connect, ex. Rhizopus, a bread mold. |
| Ascomycota | A fungi phylum, spores develop with in a fruiting body lined with a spore bearing sacs (asci), largest group of fungi (100,000's), ex. yeast, ergot, truffles. |
| How did ergot most likely cause witch hunts? | It caused comas, but people didn't know they weren't dead when they buried them, so when they were walking around again, they would be freaked out. |
| Basideomycota | A fungi phylum that produces spores within a basideum, or enlarged club-shaped reproductive structure, ex. mushrooms, which can produce 1 billion+ spores. |
| Deuteromycota | A fungi phylum that doesn't sexually reproduce (only asexual reproduction occurs), ex. Penicillum, which causes ringworm. |
| Hyphae | Thin filaments only one cell thick that contain nuclei and compose fungi's basic structure. |
| Cross-walls | Thin filaments that divide hyphae into groups of one or two nuclei; some fungi have these, some don't. |
| Saprobes | Organisms that get their food from decaying organic matter (some fungi are this). |
| Fungi's Main Role in their Ecosystems | Breaking down/cleaning up dead organisms and waste, and recycling nutrients through this. |
| Sporangia | A structure found at the tips of specialized hyphae (sporangiophores) that produce spores. |
| How are fungi classified? | How they reproduce. |
| Mycorrhizae | A fungus that produces a network that covers plant roots and improves the surface area of the area from the roots to water and minerals; apprx. 80% of all plants need this fungus to survive, and probably was necessary in the evolution of land plants. |
| The two major groups of plants | Bryophates and Tracheophytes. |
| Tracheophytes | One of two main groups of plants with well-developed vascular tissue; have subdivision, seed plants and spore-producing plants. |
| Bryophytes | One of two main groups of plants that don't have conducting vascular tissue, ex. mosses. |
| Main types of tissue | Meristematic, Protective, Vascular, and Ground Tissue. |
| Meristematic Tissue | A type of plant tissue where cell division/plant growth always occurs that is found only in the root tips. |
| Protective Tissue | A type of plant tissue that has two kinds: epidermis and cork. |
| Epidermis | A sub-division of a plant's protective tissue that is a waxy substance to protect external parts of roots, green stems, and leaves from bacteria, injury, and physical harm. |
| Cork | A sub-division of a plant's protective tissue that protects woody stems and roots from bacteria, injury, and water loss. Fully grown cells are dead. |
| Vascular Tissue | A type of plant tissue that has two types: xylem and phloem |
| Xylem | A sub-division of a plant's vascular tissue that takes water and minerals from the roots up. The cells forming xylem are dead and form a tube shape. |
| Phloem | A sub-division of a plant's vascular tissue that takes food and nutrients in both directions along the stem of the plant. Unlike xylem, the cells making this tissue are alive. |
| Ground Tissue | A type of plant tissue that produces food and supports the plant; the three types are: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. |
| Roots' Function | Holding plant in soil/supporting the plant, taking in water and minerals, and some store food. |
| Root Tip | A special microscopic cluster of cells in any organism that has four sections (in order from top to bottom): root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone, maturation zone. |
| Root Cap | A zone in the root tip that forms a protective covering and where cells are pushed through the cover to make a fluid that helps passing through the soil. |
| Meristematic Zone | A zone in the root tip where actively dividing cells are. |
| Elongation Zone | A zone in the root tip where cells produced earlier in the meristematic zone are growing. |
| Maturation Zone | A zone in the root tip where cells specialize. |
| ______ often live in roots to make a symbiotic relationship | Fungi and bacteria |
| Stems and their Function | Vascular tissue runs throughout it transporting food, displays leaves to sunlight, and often holds the plant upright; the two types are: herbaceous and woody. |
| Herbaceous Stems | A type of plant stem that _________________ and have different stem structures depending on whether the plant is monocot or dicot. |
| Woody Stems | A type of plant stem that is made of wood and is very tough because of the large amount of xylem; annaully, the stem adds a ring of growth around it, and phloem doesn't accumulate; old ones break off as new ones come. |
| Antibiotic resistance- what is it and why is it caused? | A bacteria's immunity to antibiotics; it's caused by doctors' and patients' misuse/abuse, and use in agriculture. |
| Volvox | A type of plant-like protist that is circular with dots in the middle. |
| Euglena | A type of plant-like protist that is like a squiggly blurb with a few dots in the middle. |
| Amoeba | A type of animal-like protist that looks like an oval with slight down-curves in the middle and has a dot in the head. |
| Patamecium | An animal-like protist that is an oval with a sperm-like shape inside. |
| Plasmodium | A fungus-like protist called Malaria, which kills 2 million people in 92 countries a year, 90+ is in Africa, human migration/environment change and climate change lead to favorable conditions for Malaria, 41% of world's population is at risk for Malaria. |
| Plasmodium LIfe Cycle | Gametes->mosquito via biting humans,->mouth->the digestive tract, sexually repro., turn into zygotes,->cysts, develop spores that go to salivary glands, mosquito -> human, spores infect liver and blood, kill red blood cells, -> toxic cellwater |
| Leaves' Function | To absorb light for/to make photosynthesis. |
| Stomata | Allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through the leaf, each one containing two guard cells (epidermal cells) to open and close it according to their levels of water pressure. |
| Gas Exchange in Plant Leaves | Plants must balance water and gas levels; stomata must be open to take in oxygen/give off carbon dioxide to stay healthy, but since the plants lose much more water when the stoma is open, so when water pressure is high, they curve open, keeping balance. |
| Difference Between Fungi and Algae | Fungi cell walls are made of chitlin and algae cell walls are made of cellulose. |
Created by:
johnj10
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