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Stress & Coping P&P
Potter and Perry 7th Edition Chapter 31
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stress define | Experience a person is exposed to through a stimulus or stressor. |
| Crisis define | Stress overwelms a person's existing coping mechanisms causing disequilibrium. |
| Trauma define | Symptoms of a stressor persist beyond the duration of the actual stressor. |
| Fight or flight who's theory? | Walter Cannon |
| Fight or flight sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Negative feedback sympathetic response. |
| Fight or flight effects? | Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, resp rate, blood glucose levels. Moves blood from intestines to the brain and striated muscles. |
| Control's body response | Medulla Oblongata, reticular formation, and pituitary gland |
| Medulla Oblongata controls? | Cardiovascular functions such as heart rate, BP, and resp. |
| Reticular formation location and controls? | Brain stem and spinal cord. Monitors physiological status of the body. |
| Pituitary gland location and controls? | Attached to the hypothalamus. Produces hormones needed for response. |
| What hormones specifically are produced by the pituitary gland? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is used to produce cortisol. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) who's theory? | Hans Selye |
| GAS how many stages, what are they, and what initiates this process? | 3 stages: Alarm reaction, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage. Initiated by the pituitary gland. |
| Alarm reaction physiological changes? | Increased blood volume, glucose levels, epinephrine/norepinephrine levels, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, O2 intake, alertness, pupils dilate. |
| Resistance stage what happens? | Reversal of previous stage... body stabilizes and heals damage. |
| Exhaustion stage what now? | Occurs when stressor remains. Depletion of energy, physiological regulation diminishes, can't defend against stressor. |
| Why a virus can fool the body into attacking itself? | Virus can create antigens that are so similar to proteins within the body causing the body to attack the naturally occurring protein instead. |
| 3 ways stress causes disease? | Prolonged increase in hormone levels, unhealthy coping choices, and neglect of signs of illness. |
| Lazarus' theory on stress? | Person only experiences stress if the person evaluates the event as personally significant. |
| Primary appraisal define? | Evaluating event for personal meaning. |
| Secondary appraisal define? | Contemplation of possible coping strategies. |
| Coping define? | Person's effort to manage stress. |
| How do you describe stress and coping? | Stress is individualized and depends on the person's goals, beliefs, and resources. |
| Ego-defense coping mechanism define? | Regulate distress giving protection from anxiety and stress. Indirect coping used for short-term stressors. |
| Compensation define? | Making up for deficiency by emphasizing an asset. |
| Conversion define? | Repressing an emotional conflict and transforming it into an inorganic symptom such as difficulty sleeping. |
| Denial define? | Avoiding conflicts by consciously refusing to acknowledge it. |
| Displacement define? | Transferring emotions to a less stressing situation such as releasing stress on a malfunctioning DVD player. |
| Identification define? | Behaving like another person and assuming their qualities and characteristics. |
| Dissociation define? | Sense of numbing and reduced awareness to one's surroundings. |
| Regression define? | Coping through behaviors associated with an earlier developmental period. |
| How many types of stress and what are they? | 2 types: Distress and Eustress |
| Difference between distress and eustress? | Distress is damaging and eustress protects health. |
| Examples of when chronic stress is present? | Long-term illnesses, working full-time with family obligations. |
| Examples of when acute stress is present? | Brief stressors or dangers. |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder begins with which type of stress? | Acute |
| Criteria for ASD? | Displaying at least 3 dissociative symptoms, 1 reexperiencing symptom, marked avoidance of the traumatic memories, hyperarousal for a time between 2 days and 4 weeks after event. |
| Criteria for PTSD? | Same as ASD with possible flashbacks and can have a delayed response and last longer than a month. |
| Caplan's crisis intervention theory how many and what are they called?? | 2 types of crises: Developmental and situational crises. |
| Difference between Caplan's crises types? | Developmental occurs during major life events such as child birth, retirement, or marriage. Situational occurs during a new abrupt change such as new job, wreck, or death/illness. |
| Neuman System Model what is this? | Responsible for developing interventions to prevent or reduce stressors. |
| Neuman System Model promotes what? | Accuracy in assessment and interventions using primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention. |
| Pender considers stress reduction strategies important why? | Reduce threats to well-being, help fulfill their potential, and shape/maintain healthy behaviors. |
| Situational stressors include? | Job changes, relocation, chronic illness, or some common diseases. |
| Maturational stressors include? | Depend on age including: school, friends, family, appearance, self-esteem, death, illness, beginning family or career, and loss of autonomy. |
| Sociocultural stressors include? | Poverty, handicaps, death, divorce, imprisonment, drug abuse, or violence. |
| Note: Integrity is an essential attitude through which you respect the client's perception of the stressor. | NO ANSWER JUST A NOTE... |
| Assessment: Ideal settings and tips. | No desk or barriers, same height as client, chairs side by side or 90 deg, and build on trust. |
| Stress can be confused as what in older patients? | Dementia and acute confusion. |
| Stress can be an initial presentation for what in older adults? | Hypoxia and thyroid dysfunction. |
| Defining characteristics of ineffective coping? | Verbalization of inability to ask for help, anxiety, fear, anger, irritability, tension, and self-destruction. |
| Nursing interventions for stress are designed within primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention or intervention? | PREVENTION! |
| Primary level prevention includes what? | Identifying high risk groups. |
| Secondary level prevention includes what? | Directed at symptoms such as protecting the client from self-harm. |
| Tertiary level prevention includes what? | Assisting the client in re-adapting. |
| What are the 3 primary modes of intervention of stress? | Decrease stress producing factors, increase resistance, and develop skills that reduce physiological response. |
| What are some stress reduction implementations? | Exercise, support systems, time management, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, assertiveness training, and journals. |
| What is an occurrence related to chronic stress? | Burnout |
| Crises are often referred to as what? | Period of both danger and opportunity. |
| Crisis intervention is a type of psychotherapy the nurse helps the client do what? | Make mental connections between the events and the reactions to it, become aware of feelings, and explore coping mechanisms. Also possibly help increase social connections. |
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Babble05
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