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CCGA - Dr White 12-B
Part 2 - Pathogenic Gram Positive Bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gram positive bacilli | are divided into endospore-forming and non-endospore-forming genera |
| Low GC content, endospore-forming: | bacillus and clostridium |
| Low GC content, non-endospore-forming: | listeria |
| High GC content, non-endospore-forming: | corynebacterium, mycobacterium, propionibacterium, nocardia, actinomyces |
| Bacillus anthracis is a pathogen of | animals and humans |
| Bacillus anthracis is a | gram positive bacilli that occurs singly, in pairs, or in chains |
| Bacillus anthracis form endospores in | culture and in nature |
| Bacillus anthracis form capsules | in vivo |
| Bacillus anthracis capsules | inhibit phagocytosis |
| Pathogenic bacillus anthracis strains produce | anthrax toxins |
| Bacillus anthracis is primarily a disease of | herbivorous animals |
| Humans can contract bacillus anthracis via three routes: | inhalation of spores, inoculation of spores through broken skin, and ingestion of spores |
| The highest prevelance of tuberculosis is in countries of | sub-saharan Africa and Asia |
| Bacillus anthracis causes | anthrax |
| Gastrointestinal anthrax is | rare in humans and common in animals |
| Gastrointestinal anthrax causes | intestinal hemorrhaging and eventual death |
| Cutaneous anthrax symptoms start as | painless, solid, raised nodule at the site of infection |
| Cutaneous anthrax cells in affected areas | die and the nodule spreads |
| A painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer is called an | eschar |
| Anthrax translates in Greek to | charcoal |
| Toxins released from eschars into the blood stream produces | toxemia |
| Untreated cutaneous anthrax has a mortality rate (fatal) of | 20 percent |
| Cutaneious anthras is commonly referred to as | wool sorters disease |
| Inhalation anthrax is | rare in humans |
| Inhalation anthrax is usually acquired through the handling of | animal skins and other animal products that harbor the spores |
| Inhalation anthrax requires the | inhalation of airborne endospores |
| Inhaled anthrax endospores germinate in the lungs and | secrete toxins causing toxemia |
| Inhalation anthrax has a treated mortality rate of | 100 percent |
| Anthrax is diagnosed by large, non-motile, Gram-positive bacilli in | lung or skin samples |
| Treatment for anthrax requires | antibiotics |
| Control of anthrax in animals require | vaccinations of animals and burning of infected carcasses |
| Effective vaccinations for anthrax are available, but require | multiple doses and boosters |
| Clostridium is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacillus that is | anaerobic |
| Several species of clostridium are | human pathogens |
| Endospores allow for survival in | harsh conditions |
| Secretion of histolytic toxins, enterotoxins, and neurotoxins are from | clostridium |
| Clostridium perfringens produce how many different toxins? | 11 |
| Clostridium perfringens toxins can cause | irreversible damage |
| Clostridium perfringens grows in the digestive tracts of | animals and humans |
| Existing or being everywhere at the same time - | ubiquitous |
| Food poisoning is caused by what pathogen | clostridium perfringens |
| Food poisoning produces symptoms of | abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea |
| Food poisoning usually lasts | less than 24 hours |
| Food poisoning usually occurs from ingestion of | contaminated meats |
| Gas gangrene is caused by what pathogen? | clostridium perfringens |
| Introduction of clostridium perfringens into the body is caused by | trauma |
| Endospores of gas gangrene are germinated in an anaerobic environment of | deep tissues |
| Gas gangrene toxins induce | pain, swelling, and tissue necrosis |
| Rapidly reproducing bacteria from gas gangrene cause further | necrosis of tissue |
| Necrosis of tissue from gas gangrene creates abundant, foul-smelling, gaseous | bacterial waste products |
| Gas gangrene is characterized by a | foul smelling odor |
| Infection of gas gangrene can ultimately lead to death, shock, and | kidney failure |
| The diagnosis of food poisoning (clostridium perfringens) is confirmed by | presence of bacteria in food or feces |
| The diagnosis of gas gangrene (clostridium perfringens) is confirmed by presence of large, Gram positive bacilli in | tissue samples |
| Treatment for food poisoning is self limiting and is eliminated through | diarrhea |
| Treatment for gas gangrene requires the removal of | dead tissue |
| Further treatment of gas gangrene is treated with the use of | penicillin and antitoxin |
| Gas gangrene has a mortality (death) rate of | 40 percent |
| Clostridium perfringens is very common and is hard | to prevent |
| One method to destroy the toxins from clostridium perfringens is | heating |
| Gas gangrene can be prevented in many cases by | proper cleaning of wounds |
| Clostidium difficile is part of the body's | normal flora |
| Clostridium difficile is a motile anaerobic | intestinal bacterium |
| Clostridium difficile has subterminal spores that are | oval |
| Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen in patients that are taking what type of antibiotics? | broad spectrum |
| Minor infections of clostridium difficile result in self limiting episodes of | explosive diarrhea |
| Serious (severe) cases of clostridium difficile can cause | pseudomembranous colitis |
| Pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by the sloughing of large sections of the | colon wall |
| Possible side effects of pseudomembranous colitis include the possible perforations of the colon and | massive internal bleeding |
| Pseudomembranous colitis is | life threatening |
| The diagnosis of clostridium difficile involve the isolation of the organism from feces using | selective media |
| Diagnosis of clostridium difficile shows presence of toxins using | immunoassays |
| Treatment of minor infections from clostridium difficile involves discontinuing the | causative antimicrobial drug |
| Serious cases of clostridium difficile are treated with | antibiotics |
| An anaerobic, endospore-forming, Gram positive bacillus commonly found in soil and water is | clostridium botulinum |
| Endospores of clostridium botulinum can survive | improper canning of food |
| This results when the endospores of clostridium botulinum germinate and produce toxins. | botulism |
| There are how many botulism toxins? | 7 |
| How many grams of botulism toxins would it take to kill everyone in the United States of America? | 30 |
| Botulism is not an infection. It is an | intoxication |
| The three manifestations of botulism are: | foodborne, infant, and wound |
| Foodborne botulism is commonly acquired from | home canned foods |
| Botulism toxins cause progressive | paralysis |
| Paralyzation from botulism affects the | diaphram |
| Death from botulism results from | asphyxiation |
| Infant botulism results from the ingestion of | endospores |
| Paralysis and death are rare in what type cases of botulism? | infant |
| Wound botulism is from a contamination of what with endospores? | wound |
| What type of botulism is similar to foodborne botulism? | wound botulism |
| Diagnosis of clostridium botulinum is by | symptoms |
| Treatment of botulism is through administration of nuetralizing antibodies against | botulism toxin |
| The actual bacteria does not cause the problems in foodborne botulism, the problems are caused by the | toxins |
| What is administered to treat infant and wound botulism? | antibiotics |
| The proper canning of foods can prevent | foodborne botulism |
| How old must a child be before they can consume honey safely? | one year |
| An endospore forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram positive bacilli is? | clostridium tetani |
| Tetanus results when endospores germinate and produce | tetanus toxin |
| Tightening of the jaw and neck muscles is referred to as | lockjaw |
| Irregular heartbeats, blood pressure fluctuations, and excessives sweating are signs of what type of toxin spread? | tetanus |
| Patient's die from tetanus because they are unable to | exhale |
| Clostridium tetani has a mortality rate of what percent in adults? | 50 |
| The mortality rate for neonatal patient's with tetanus is greater than | 90 percent |
| Diagnosis of clostridium tetani is characterized by | muscular contraction |
| Treatment of tetani is by administration of what against tetanus toxins? | immunoglobulin |
| Further treatment of tetanus is through administration of | antimicrobial drugs |
| Prevention of tetanus is done through immunization with | tetanus toxoid |
| A Gram positive, non-spore-forming coccobacillus is | listeria monocytogenes |
| This bacteria is found in soil, water, mammals, birds, fish, and insects. | listeria monocytogenes |
| Listeria monocytogenes enters the body through contaminated | food and drink |
| (T/F) Does listeria produce any toxins or enzymes? | no |
| Listeria binds to surfaces of macrophages and triggers its own endocytosis to become a | facultative intracellular parasite |
| is directly related to the bacteria's ability to live within host cells in regards to listeria. | virulence |
| Listeria is rarely pathogenic in | healthy adults |
| (T/F) Listeria can be transfered from mother to fetus? | true |
| Diagnosis of listeria includes the presence of bacteria in | cerebrospinal fluid |
| Identification of listeria is based on | tumbling motility |
| Confirmation of listeria presence is based on | serology tests |
| Listeria is inhibited by most | antimicrobial drugs |
| Individuals at risk for listeria should avoid | undercooked foods |
| High GC content, non-endospore-forming bacilli | corynebacterium |
| Corynebacterium divide via this type of binary fission | snapping division |
| All species of corynebacterium can be | pathogenic |
| The most widely known species of corynebacterium is | diphtheria |
| Transmission of corynebacterium diphtheriae is person to person via | droplets or skin contact |
| Diphtheriae is endemic in | under developed nations |
| A key role in the pathogenicity of diphtheria are | lysogenic bacteriophages |
| The most studied corynebacteriophages is the | b-phage |
| The structural gene for diphtheria toxins are carried by a family of closely related | corynebacteriophages |
| Diphtheria phages have a | lysogenic life cycle |
| The diphtheria toxin protein is transcribed directly from the phage | DNA |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae cells that lack the phage are | not pathogenic |
| Diphtheria toxins block | polypeptide sythesis |
| The blocking of polypeptide sythesis by diphtheria result in | death |
| Individuals immune to diphtheria have infections that are | asymptomatic |
| Infections in non-immune individuals with diphtheria can be | severe |
| Signs and symptoms of diphtheria include | sore throat, localized pain, fever, and pharygitis |
| Oozing fluid, as related to diphtheria, composed of intracellular fluid, WBC's, bacteria thicken into a | pseudomembrane |
| Pseudomembranes from diphtheria can | occlude the respiratory passages |
| Diagnosis of diphtheria includes the presence of a | pseudomembrane |
| Further diagnosis of diphtheria is done by what type of test? | Elek test |
| The cell wall of mycobacterium have a waxy lipid called | mycolic acid |
| Generation time of mycobacterium has what type of growth? | slow |
| Mycobacterium has a resistance to | Gram staining |
| Mycobacterium have a capacity for | intracellular growth |
| Mycobacterium require what type of staining process? | acid fast stain |
| Tuberculosis is caused by what type of bacterium? | mycobacterium |
| Tuberculosis pathogens are not particularly virulent. What percentage of people infected develop the disease? | 5 percent |
| Tuberculosis kills approximately 50% in | untreated patients |
| Tuberculosis is pandemic and kills how many people annually? | 2 million |
| 1/3 of the world is infected with tuberculosis. What percentage of them develop life-threatening cases? | 10 percent |
| What continent is tuberculosis the #1 killer? | Africa |
| Tuberculosis is more common in what areas of the United States of America? | inner cities |
| Tuberculosis cases in the US are the major burden by health care facilities that care for the | poor |
| Is tuberculosis more or less prevalent in individuals with HIV or who don't complete treatment for it? | more |
| Virulent strains of tuberculosis produce a cell wall component called | cord factor |
| Cord factors inhibit migration of what? | neutrophils |
| Cord factors produce strands of daughter cells that remain attached to each other in | parallel alignment |
| The three types of TB are | primary, secondary, and disseminated |
| Primary TB involves formation of hard nodules in the lungs called | tubercles |
| Primary TB progresses until the immune system reaches a | stalemate with the bacteria |
| M. tuberculosis can remain dormant in the body for | decades |
| Secondary tuberculosis is a reestablishment of active infection after a period of | dormancy |
| Secondary tuberculosis is common in patients with | suppressed immune systems |
| Disseminated tuberculosis results when infection spreads | throughout the body |
| Diagnosis of TB is done by administering a | tuberculin skin test |
| A positive tuberculin skin test is read within 24-72 hours and presents a | hard red swelling |
| A positive TB skin test indicates that a person has been | exposed |
| To determine if a person has an active infection of tuberculosis, a person must have a | chest x-ray |
| Presence of acid-fast bacilli and cords in sputum confirm active cases of | tuberculosis |
| Treatment of tuberculosis by common antimicrobials is | ineffective |
| MDR | multi drug resistant |
| XDT | extensively drug resistant |
| What immunization is given where TB is common? | BCG |
| Mycobacterium leprae is more commonly known as | leprosy |
| Mycobacterium leprae has what type of GC content? | high |
| Mycobacterium leprae is a Gram positive | bacilli |
| Mycobacterium does not grow in what type of culture? | cell free |
| Leprosy cases are | rare |
| Leprosy is transmitted by person to person contact or | a break in the skin |
| This disease is characterized by the gradual destruction of tissue, loss of facial features, digits, and other body structures? | leprosy |
| Patients with a strong cell-mediated immune response get this non-progressive form of leprosy? | tuberculoid |
| Patients with a weak cell-mediated immune response get this progressive form of leprosy? | lepromatous |
| Development of signs and symptoms of leprosy are | slow |
| Leprosy is diagnosed by | signs and symptoms |
| (T/F) Life long treatment with antimicrobial drugs is not needed for severe cases of leprosy? | false |
| What immunization provides some protection from leprosy? | BCG |
| Small, Gram-positive rods often found on the skin that causes acne | propionibacterium |
| Propionibacterium acnes is what type of pathogen? | opportunistic |
| A rare, very severe presentation of acne, possibly due to an immunological reaction to propionibacterium | acne fulminans |
| Acne fulminans primarily affects adolescent | boys |
| Patient with acne fulminans develop severe inflammatory and ulcerative | lesions |
| (T/F) Severe scarring is never seen with acne fulminans? | false |
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