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Karl Micro Exam 1
Dr. Karl Micro Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| From lab 1: define resolution | the ability of the microscope to show detail |
| From lab 1: define refractive index | refractive index is something that measures the speed of light as it goes through an object (immersion oil has a higher refractive index than air or water.) |
| From lab 1: define 100x lens | The oil immersion objective; largest objective on the nosepiece of the microscope. |
| From lab 1: define flagella | a process used for mobility, made of protein. |
| From lab 1: define brownian motion | random motion/vibrations caused by the movement of water molecules surrounding the microorganism. ( random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid ) |
| From lab 1: define morphology | a microorganism's shape |
| From lab 1: define total magnification | the power of the ocular lens (10X) times the power of the objective lens (4X, 10X, 40X, 100X) |
| From lab 1: define objective lens | The 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x lenses attached to the nose piece |
| From lab 1: define ocular lens | The 10x magnification lens located in the eye piece |
| From lab 1: define streaming | movement with the flow of water |
| From lab 1: define true mobility | uses cilia or flagella |
| What is the term used to describe flagella present at the poles? | lophotrichous |
| What is the term used to describe flagella present all over? | peritrichous |
| What is the name of the yelllow cleaning solution used in the lab? | quatenary ammonia compound |
| What is microbiology? | The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification. (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae) |
| What are the small living things called? | microorganisms or microbes |
| What are the 6 major groups of microorganisms? | bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes, fungi (and viruses...sort of. The are not considered living) |
| Waht do you call a non cellular, parasitic, protein coated genetic element that can infect all living things including other microorganisms? | virus |
| Here are some branches of microbiology: | agricultural, biotechnology, food, dairy, aquatic, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, Public health, epidemiology, immuniology and many more. Focus sheet said be aware of biotechnology and genetic engineering |
| Do microorganisms have a profound influence on all aspects of the earth and its residents? | yes (some helpful, some harmful) |
| What did doctor Karl mean we she discussed the "ubiquity" of microorganisms? | Microorganisms are found nearly everywhere, occur in large numbers and live in places that many other organisms cannot. |
| What are some human uses for microorganisms? | bakers/brewers yeast, cheeses, moldy bread on wounds(on powerpoint), bioremediation and biotechnology |
| What is the name of a disease causing organism? | pathogen |
| What is the name of an organism that is dependant on another organism for survival? | parasite (from lecture)(book also says a parasite is a free living organism that causes damage to their host through infection and disease) |
| Are all microorganisms parasites? | no, some live a free existance (in soil or water for example) |
| Are there an increasing number of emerging infectious diseases? | yes: SARS, AIDS, Hep C, viral encephalitis, H1N1 |
| What are some diseases now associated with microorganisms that were not previously thought to be caused by microorganisms? | gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease. |
| Is there an increasing number of drug resistant strains? | yes |
| Which are larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? | eukaryotic (10 times larger!) microbes can vary greatly in size |
| Do prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles? | NO (eukaryotic cells do) |
| Are all eukaryotic cells microorganisms? | NO- humans (and other organisms) are made of eukaryotic cells. |
| Are all prokaryotic cells microorganisms? | yes |
| What type of cell has the following structures? rigid cell wall, chromosomes without a nuclear envelope, free floating ribosomes, cillia or flagella | Prokaryotic |
| What type of cell has the following structures? A membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, free floating ribosomes and occasionally have a flagellum | Eukaryotic |
| What do you call a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes a lipid membrane . This is not an independant living cellular organism. | Virus |
| What do you call one virus particle? | a virus particle or a virion |
| The invention of what tool is considered to be the key to the study of microorganisms? | the microscope |
| Who invented the single lens microscope and is referred to as the father of bacteriology and protozoology? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Who is credited for the introduction of aseptic technique? | Joseph Lister |
| During the golden age of microbiology (1854-1914) what commonly held belief was disproven? | spontaneous creation/ spontaneous generation |
| What do you call the naming system for microorganisms? | microbial nomenclature |
| what is taxonomy? | classifying living things |
| What specific naming system does microbiology use to name microorganisms? | the binomial system of nomenclature. Genus name followed by species name. e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (only capitolize 1st letter of first word) (italicize when typing, underline when handwriting) |
| The Woese-Fox system divides microorganisms into three "domains". What are the three domains? | 1. Archaea: simple prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments 2. Bacteria: typical prokaryotes 3. Eukarya: all of the eukaryotic organisms |
| What does the term bioremediation mean? | using microorganisms to recycle waste |
| What does karyote mean? | nucleus (pro-karyote means before nucleus)(eu-karyote means true nucleus) |
| What are some features of the domain bacteria? | most common domain in human infection, most prominent feature is shape(rod, spherical, spiral), have rigid cell walls, no cilia but some flagella |
| What are some features of the domain archaea? | they are very old and can live in extreme conditions (extremophyles) otherwise share similar features with bacteria |
| What are some members of the domain eukarya? | algae (single or multicellular), fungi (single or multicellular), yeast (single cell), molds (multicellular), protozoa (single celled). |
| What are three names for non-living elements that are "obligate intercellular parasites"(have to have living cell for it to survive) that are composed of a nucleic acid covered by a protein coat? | virus, viroids and prions (although prions are later described as NOT containing a nucleic acid) |
| Do virus, viroids and prions reproduce? | no, they replicate |
| Are virus, viroids and prions killed? | no they are inactivated |
| What are the 8 processes of life? (From lecture, I didn't find in book) | cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, growth, reproduction, repair, interraction |
| What makes prions different from virus and viroids? | they contain NO nucleic acid and are responsible for 6 neurodegenerative diseases including mad cow. |
| What are the 5 I's? | innoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection (microscopy, staining), identification (thru biochemical tests) |
| What is another word for aseptic that means free from microorgaisms? | sterile |
| What are the four major types of organic molecules? | carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
| What three elements are carbs composed of? | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| What do you call a carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides? | a disaccharide (a carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides are called polysaccharides) |
| Which of the four major types of organic molecules are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are non-polar therefore very insoluble in water? | lipids |
| Which of the four major types of organic molecules are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and the building blocks are amino acids? | proteins |
| Which of the four major types of organic molecules are responsible for the storage, expression and transmission of genetic information. (monomer is nucleotide) | nucleic acids e.g. DNA and RNA |
| Which of the two nucleic acids are involved in linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain? | RNA |
| Which nucleic acid is double stranded? | DNA |
| What does the pH scale indicate? | the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (stomach acid 2, blood 7.2, urine 6-8.) Neutral pH is 7, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline/basic |
| Again, what are the 5 techniques microbiologists use in the lab (the 5I's)? | innoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification |
| What is innoculation? | producing a culture (introducing a sample to a nutrient medium) |
| What is isolation? | separating one species from another |
| What do you call a mound of cells on a medium? | a colony |
| If a colony is formed by a single cell introduced to a medium, what is it called? | a pure culture |
| What are the three physical states media can be classified by? | liquid, solid, semi-solid |
| What are the four functional types media can be classified by? | general purpose, enriched, selective and differential |
| What are the uses for general purpose media? | to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible (can be nutrient agar and broth, brain-heart infusion, trypticase soy agar TSA) |
| What are the uses for enriched media? | it contains complex organic substances (e.g. blood, serum) to support the growth of fastidious bacteria e.g. blood agar |
| What are fastidious bacteria? | organisms that have complex nutritional requirements |
| What are the uses for selective media? | selective media contain one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others. Ex: mannitol salt agar (MSA) |
| What are the uses for differential media? | differential media allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow but displays visible differences among those microorganisms. E.g. MacConkey agar. |
| What is microscope resolution aka resolving power? | the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another. |
| What happens during magnification? | an image is formed by the refracted light when an object is placed a certain distance from the lens and is illuminated with light. The image is enlarged based on the power of the magnification. |
| How much is the total magnification when using the 100X objective? | 1000X |
| What extra step do you need to do when using the 100X objective? | add a drop of oil (to reduce the amount of light rays that are bent or refracted by air) |
| What two methods can be used to counteract the fact that as magnification increases, resolution decreases? | 1. adjusting the light using iris diaphragm 2. using dyes |
| What is the purpose for staining? | it creates contrast and allows features of the cell to stand out. |
| What is a simple stain technique? | requires only 1 dye. All cells are same color but can reveal shape, size and arrangement. |
| What is a differential stain technique? | Uses two different colored dyes, a primary and a counterstain. Helps distinguish between cell types or parts. (includes gram, acid-fast and endospore stains) |
| What is gram staining technique? | The most universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria. Differentiates microbes as gram positive(purple) or gram negative (red). |
| What is acid-fast staining? | This is an important medical diagnostic stain, it differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non acid-fast bacteria (blue). |
| What is endospore staining? | dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or endospores. Also important to medical/diagnostic microbiology. |
| What is bright field microscopy? | widely used, light is transmitted through the specimin, shows specimin with a white background |
| What is dark field microscopy? | Used when specimins are living or might dry out. Peripheral light is reflected off the sides of the specimin. There is a brightly illuminated specimin with black background. This method does not reveal fine internal details. |
| What is an electron microscope? | forms image with a beam of electrons, it can magnify to 5 million times and can show incredible detail. |
| Do prokaryotes have membrane bound nucleus or organelles? | no |
| Do eukaryotes have a cell wall? | NO - prokaryotes have a tough cell wall (not present in eukaryotic cells)both have cell membrane |
| What is the general term for the surface coating on a prokaryotic cell? | glycocalyx (types of glycocalyx include capsule or slime layer) |
| What internal features does a prokaryotic cell have? | cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions/granules, nucleoid/chromosomes, an actin cytoskeleton, endospores |
| What are some external features found on a prokaryotic cell? | flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsules, slime layers, |
| What do you call the external structures that form cell extensions? | appendages |
| Which appendage provides motility? | flagella |
| Which two appendages are used for attachment and mating? | pili and fimbriae (like hair brush) (these are also said to contribute to pathogenic behavior) |
| What are the three parts of a flagella? | filament (long tail), hook/sheath (part attached to cell outside of the cell wall) and basal body (portion inside cell) |
| What are the three flagellar arrangements? | monotrichous (one polar flagellum), lophotrichous (tufts of flagella at one or both ends), peritricious (flagella present all around the cell) |
| What chemical makes up the sturdy cell walls of prokaryotes? | peptidoglycan |
| What are flagellas made of? | protein (rings in basal body are rock hard protein structures) |
| What is the term used to describe flagella that can move in response to chemical signals? | chemotaxis |
| What is the term used to describe flagella that can move in response to light? | phototaxis |
| If a flagella is propelling a cell in a straight run and then reverses the direction the flagella is rotating in, what happens? | the cell slows/stops and tumbles. The flagella loses coordination during tumbles. The tumbles allow the cell to change direction. |
| What do you call corkscrew shaped bacterial cells? | spirochetes |
| How do spirochetes move? | using periplasmic flagella/axial filaments (internal flagella located between cell wall and cell membrane they are coiled around the cell and can contract and release to produce corkscrew movement) |
| What are the two types of appendages that provide attachment/adhesion, not movement? | pilli and fimbria |
| What are pili made of? | the protein pilin |
| Which attachement appendage works like the bristle of a brush? | fimbrae |
| What is conjugation? | exchange of genetic information |
| Which external appendage is an elongated tubular structure that can transfer dna from one cell to another? | a sex pilus |
| What type of bacterial cells posess a sex pilus? | gram-negative cells. Gram-positive use another mechanism. |
| What is the name of bacterial surface coating made of polysaccharide and or protein? | glycocalyx |
| What are the two types of glycocalyx? | slime layer (loose) and capsule (denser and thicker) |
| What are the functions of the glycocalyx? | protection, adhesion, allows cell to hide surface markers from phagocytes (stealth bomber), prevents water loss, important in biofilm formation |
| What is biofilm? | complex community/colony made of many types of organisms working together. Has channels to share food and excrete waste. |
| What two or three layers form the exterior of a bacterial cell? | cell wall, cell membrane and in gram-negative bacterial cells an outer membrane |
| How many boundary layers does a gram pos. bacterial cell have? | 2 (cell wall and cell membrane) Thick peptidoglycan |
| How many boundary layers does a gram neg. bacterial cell have? | 3 (cell wall, cell membrane and outer membrane) thin peptidoglycan |
| What is the bacterial cell wall made of? | peptidoglycan (2 sugars held together by peptide bond) |
| What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? | the peptidoglycan is rigid and determines shape of bacterium, provides strong structural support, prevents rupture from pressure changes |
| What structure of the bacteria do antibiotics typically target? | cell wall |
| what is unique about a gram positive cell wall? | thick homgeneous layer of peptidoglycan |
| What is unique about gram negative cell wall? | thinner layer of peptidoglycan with an outter membrane layer composed of lipopolysaccharide |
| What is the structure that reacts with the stain to determine gram negative or gram positive? | the peptidoglycan in the cell wall. |
| There is another type of bacterial cell that lacks a cell wall completely. What are they called? | Mycoplasmas/Mycobacterium |
| Since the tough cell membrane of mycoplasmas/mycobacterium is made up of a lipid/wax complex, what kind of staining method do you use? | acid-fast (since the lipid/wax in the cell wall resists staining) |
| What are some characteristics of mycoplasma? | very small, no specific shape, can appear as stars, ovals, rods or spheres, and example is mycoplasma pneumonia |
| What do you call a gram positive cell with a chemically disrupted cell wall? | a protoplast |
| What do you call a gram negative cell with a chemically disrupted cell wall? | a spheroplast |
| Which is more difficult to kill gram positive or gram negative? | gram negative since its uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharide not peptidoglycan. |
| What kind of chemicals are successful in breaking down lipids? | SOLVENTS: alcohol, acetone, bleach |
| (in bacteria) Beneath cell walls is a cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane made of proteins and phospholipids. What are its functions? | site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, regulating the transport of things going in and out of cell, secretion. (energy reactions, nutrient processing and synthesis are done inside the cells of eukaryots) |
| What are the functions of bacterial (prokaryotic) cytoplasm? | it is colloidal/gelatinous, site for may biochemical and sysnthesis activities, made of 70-80% water, contains masses (chromatin body, ribosomes, granules, and actin strands) |
| What contains all of the genetic information for a bacterial cell? | bacterial chromosome in the form of a single circular strand located in the "nucleoid region" and anchored to cell wall by a tiny piece of protein. |
| What do you call extra pieces of dna floating in bacterial/prokaryotic cytoplasm that may contain information about drug resistance or the production of toxins? | plasmids (bacterial cells can have one or many) |
| What do you call the structures of bacterial cells that made composed of rRNA and protein. They can be free floating or attached to cytoplasmic membrane and are site of protein synthesis? | ribosomes |
| How are the shape/size of bacterial ribosomes described? | by S-units (sphedburg units). The prokaryotic ribosome is 70S. |
| What do you call the starch/sugar storage unit formed in bacteria during times of abundance? | an inclusion body |
| What do you call the little pieces of protein inside the cytoplasm that contribute to the bacterial cell's shape? | actin cytoskeleton (primitive compared to eukaryotic cells) |
| What do you call dormant bodies within bacteria that function for protection and survival. They are daughter cells within the mother cell protected during periods without nutrients? | endospores |
| What are the two phases of a bacterial cell life cycle? | 1. vegetative cell (metabolically active and growing) 2. endospore (metabolically inactive) |
| What is the stimulus for sporulation? | no nutrients |
| How long does it take for an endospore to come out of dormancy (begin germination)? | within 90 minutes (endospores can be viable for more than 250 million years) |
| What is the medical significance of endospores? | the resist ordinary cleaning methods |
| What are the three general shapes of bacteria? | coccus (spherical), bacillus (rods), and spirillum (curviform or spiral) |
| What does the term pleomorphism mean? | the size and shape of cells within a single species can vary |
| What are some arrangements of cocci cells? | single, pairs(diplococcic), 4's (tetrads), irregular clusters, chains or cubical packets |
| What are some arrangements of bacilli cells? | single, pairs (diplobacilli), chains (streptobacilli), rows of cells oriented side by side (palisades) |
| What are the arrangements of spirilla cells? | single but occasionally found in short chains |
| what does the term staphyle mean? (As in the term staphylococci) | bunch of grapes |
| Which prokaryote is the most primitive of all life forms and can survive in conditions of extreme temperature, extreme pH and extreme pressures? | Archaea (the "extremophiles") |
| What type of cells are large and complex and are divided into separate compartments by membrane bound components called organelles? | EUKARYOTES |
| What organisms are made of single or multicellular eukaryotic cells? | fungi, protozoa, algae, plants and animals |
| Which of the eukaryotes are always unicellular? | protozoa |
| Which of the eukaryotes may be unicellular or multi-cellular? | fungi and algae |
| Which eukaryotic microorganism is always multicellular? | helminths (but they always have a unicellular egg or larvae) |
| What are helminths? | parasitic tapeworms, flukes and roundworms. They are large enough to be seen with the naked eye but need microscope to see eggs and larvae |
| What are the two major groups of helminths? | flatworms and roundworms |
| Flatworms are further subdivided into what two groups? | cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) |
| What is another name for a roundworm? | nematode |
| Which worms are segmented? Roundworms/nematodes or flatworms/cestodes? | flatworms/cestodes |
| What is the general structure/morphology of worms? | reproductive tract (most developed), digestive system, excretory system, nervous system, muscular system, thick cuticle for protection, and mouth glands for breaking down host tissue |
| Can eukaryotes have cilia and flagella? | yes. |
| How do eukarotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella? | 10x thicker, more complex, covered by extension of cell membrane |
| How are eukaryotic cilia differ from eukaryotic flagella? | they are shorter, more numerous and can function as filtering and feeding structures |
| Can eukaryotes have a glycocalyx? | yes, also composed of polysaccharide, can appear as a network of fibers, slime layer or capsule |
| Do eukaryotes have a cell wall beneath the glycocalyx? | Some do. Fungi and algae and plant cells do, protozoa and animal cells do not |
| What part of the eukaryotic cell is made of phospholipid bi-layer with protein molecules embedded and is selectively permeable? | cytoplasmic membrane (cell membrane) |
| Do eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nuclear envelope? | yes |
| In a eukaryotic cell, what structure houses most of the ribosomes and is the site of protein production? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| What structure in a eukaryotic cell packages wastes and other chemical into vesicles for excytosis/secretion out of the cell? | golgi apparatus |
| What stucture is the power plant/energy generator for the eukaryotic cell? | mitochondria |
| Some eukaryotic cells convery energy from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Where does this take place? | In chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll and sometimes other pigments) |
| What do you call the flexible internal framework of a eukaryotic cell? | cytoskeleton (made of microfilaments and microtubules) |
| Which of the eukaryotes secrete enzymes to break down the host into smaller molecules? | Fungi |
| Which group of eukaryotes include yeasts (round cells) and hyphae (long, threadlike) cells)? | Fungi |
| How does the fungi called hyphae reproduce? | sexual and asexual spores |
| Which eukaryotes feed on organic substrates, have cell walls, reproduce sexually or asexually and exist in microscopic or macroscopic forms? | fungi (they can be "saprobes" feasting on dead material or "parasites" feasting on living tissues) |
| What do you call the group that contain algae and protozoa and are rarely a medical threat? | the protists |
| Which protist is photosynthetic? | algae |
| What are the 4 major groups of protozoa? | mastigophora (flagellated e.g. giardia), sarcodina (amoebas, no fixed shape), ciliophora (ciliated), apicomplexa (sporozoa) |
| What is the name of an infective amoeba? | entamoeba: causes dysentary |
| What were the steps we used to prepare a specimin on our slides in lab week 2? | identify your slide, add drop of moisture to loop, sterilize loop, use loop to put drop of water on slide, resterilize loop, cool the loop inside the augar tube, tap tap to obtain sample, thinly spread sample on slide, heat fix on hot plate 6-7 seconds. |
| What was the steps to the staining process we used in lab week 2? | flood slide with crystal violet stain for 1 minute, rinse, flood slide with stabilizing iodine for 60-90 seconds, rinse, add gram decolorizer for 6 sec, rinse a long time, flood slide with safronin for 2-3 minutes, rinse. |
| How did we finish preparing slide after the staining process? | we dried back side of slide with paper towel, then gently dried the top side of slide with paper from drawer, we placed the slide into the microscope, added a pea sized drop of oil onto slide and moved the 100X objective into place. |
| Which dye was visible in gram positive specimins | the crystal violet |
| Which dye was visible in gram negative specimins? | the saffronin |
| How many dyes are used in simple staining? | one |
| What is differential stain technique? | gram staining - when multiple dyes are used |
| when do stain crystals appear? | when the stain dries out |
| Is e.coli gram positive or gram negative? | gram negative |
| Is staphlococcus aureus gram positive or gram negative? | gram positive |
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