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Ch.4.1 -4
Chemistry of biomolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Smallest possible particle of an element; "indivisible" | Atom |
| subatomic particle with positive charge; in nucleus; determines the identity of an atom | Proton |
| subatomic particle with negative electron charge; orbits the nucleus; almost mass-less | Electron |
| subatomic particle with no charge (neutral); in the nucleus | Neutron |
| Central core of the nucleus where protons or neutrons are bound together | Nucleus |
| The number of protons in an atoms; determines the identity of elements on the periodic table | atomic number |
| Alternate forms of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
| An unstable element whose nucleus breaks down or decays over time naturally and gives off radiation (matter + energy) | radioactive isotope |
| A chemical bond formed when atoms are transfered from one atom to another. Bond is based on attraction of (+) and (-) charges. | Ionic bond |
| Atoms that have become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons (salts are made of these) | Ions |
| A chemical bond that formed when electrons are shared by two or more atoms (result = a very strong bond) | Covalent bond |
| What determines the number of bonds an atom can form? | The number of valence electrons it has |
| Valence electrons | The number of electrons in the outer most "shell" or orbit of an atom. All atoms become stable when they fill their outer shell. |
| Number of valence electrons in the first orbit? | 2 |
| Number of valence electrons in the second orbital? | 8 |
| Number of valence electrons in the third orbital? | 8 |
| Electrons in the highest energy level of an atom; available for bonding. | Valence electrons |
| Two or more atoms held together by shared electrons (covalent bonds) | molecule |
| The process by which new substances are made when old chemical bonds are broken and new chemical bonds are made; atoms are rearranged! | Chemical reaction |
| The starting materials for a chemical reactions | Reactants |
| The ending materials for chemical reactions | Products |
| Compounds held together by ionic bonds; NaCl; will dissolve into ions in water | Salts |
| Weak bonds formed by the attraction of partially charged atoms in molecules; involve an attraction b/w the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another. | Hydrogen bond |
| Molecules in which electrons are NOT SHARED EQUALLY within the covalent bonds. Results in molecules having (+) or (-) charged ends (like water) | Polar molecules |
| Atom in water molecule with a partial negative charge. | Oxygen |
| Atom in water molecules with a partial positive charge. | Hydrogen |
| Molecules in which electrons in covalent bonds are shared EQUALLY; there are no charged ends; these molecules are neutral, like oil. | Nonpolar molecules |
| Property of water in which water molecules are attracted to themselves through hydrogen bonding. | Cohesion |
| Property of water in which water is attracted to other substances (that are polar or ionic) through hydrogen bonding. | Adhesion |
| Water's ability to climb up the sides of a tube (adhesion) and drag other water molecules with it (cohesion). | Capillary Action |
| Heat energy; measured by temperature - which measures the average speed of molecules. | Thermal energy |
| A measure of the average speed of molecules (Molecules move faster when then absorb heat) | Temperature |
| A substance formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent (usually water). Does not involve a chemical reaction. | Solution |
| Substance that is dissolved in a solvent. | Solute |
| Solution in which a substance is dissolved in water. | Aqueous Solution |
| Substance that breaks apart/dissolves in water to release H+ ions; low pH # | Acid |
| Substance that breaks apart/dissolves in water to release OH- ions or remove H+ ions; high pH# | Base |
| # measurement of how acidic of basic a substance is. | pH Scale |
| A substance that resists changes in pH; Releases H+ ions in bases and removes H+ ions in acids. | Buffer |
| Matter made up of only one type of atom (listed on the periodic table) | Element |
| Matter composed of 2 or more elements that chemically combine through bonding. | Compound |
| Elements only needed in small quantities by living organisms; Essential for life (Calcium, magnesium, iron, etc.) | Trace element |
| What are the four major elements that compose most living organisms? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) |
| Average mass of the protons and the neutrons in an atom (Used to determing the # of neutrons). | Mass # or atomic weight |
| Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon. They are the same except for the number of _____________ in the nucleus. | Neutrons |
Created by:
ramseyclare
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