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Human Physiology H1
Handout 1 Intro to Phys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is physiology? | Study of how an organism performs its tasks; Funx of an organism |
| What is anatomy? | Study of the structurs of an organism |
| Anatomy vs. Physiology | Both are seperate but equal; Funx (physiology) is dependent on the structure (anatomy) |
| What are the physiological levels of organization? | Atoms (most abundant)> Molecules [Chemistry]> Cells [Molecular Biology] > Tissues (matrix + cells) [cell biology]> Organs> Organ Systems> Organisms > Population of Species [Physiology]> Ecosystems of different Species> Biosphere [Ecology] |
| What are the four tissue types? | Epithelia, CT, Nervous, Muscular |
| 10 Organ Systems | Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Immune, Musculoskeletal,Circulatory,Respiratory, digestive,Reproductive (Male and Female),AND Urinary |
| What is the relationship between Organ Systems? | The exchange between the systems due to changes in the environment |
| Teleologic Approach | Purpose = Why? Ex: why do you get cold? A: to warm the body (b/c Physiologists seek to answer both purpose and process questions) |
| Mechanistic Approach | Process = How? Ex: How do you shiver when its cold? A. Sensors detect temp change located in diff systems of the body which then relay to teh control center in teh brain and makes a decision to produce a response which activates skeletal muscle-shiver |
| Themes in Biology (4) 1.Homeostasis and Control Systems | Homeostatis and Control Systems = maintence of a relatively stable internal environment within a key parameter of optimal range (ex: pH, BO,HR,Na/K levels,blood sugar, blood gases, body temp) 2.Biological Energy Systems = breaking down biomolecules to |
| 2.Biological Energy Systems | Energy systems breaking down biomolecules to make ATP (E) |
| 3.Structure/function relationships | At the molecular, cellular and organ system levels |
| 4.Communication | Between the 3 system levels |
| Why is homeostasis important? | Most cells in teh body are NOT TOLERANT of environmental change in their immediate INTERNAL environment (ECF) Small change = funx less efficiently Significant change = cell death |
| Where did cellular life begin? | In the ocean where there is a constant homeostatic environment |
| 10 trillion cells in the body | ICF = INSIDE cells (majority of the cells-8-9 trillion) ECF = OUTSIDE cells (1-2 trillion) |
| Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane | seperates ICF & ECF |
| Intracellular Fluid | ICF = doesn't like change AT ALL;fluid of most cells;likes to stay at300 mOsm |
| Extracellular Fluid | The internal environment of the body;Homeostasi controls ECF = is like the ocean |
| Cannon's Postulates | 1.The nervous system has a role in maintaing homeostasis 2. Some systems are under tonic control 3. Some systems are under antagonistic control 4. A single chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues |
| Tonic Control | IN RESTING STATE out sytem is neither fully onor off but has a medium level of activity (can turn up or turn down) Ex. BV ARTERIOLS are at a medium and under some control of a regulator or system |
| Antagonistic Control | Two control systems; 1 goes one way and 1 goes another. Ex. SNS & pSNS |
| Single chemical signal = diff effect in diff tissues | Ex. Hormone causes 1 response in 1 part of the body and a diff response in a diff part of the body b/c cells can have DIFF RECEPTORS FOR A SIGNAL Ex.Adrenaline causes dilation &constriction depending on the receptors in diff parts of the body |
| Homeostatsi occurs ar both the local and systemic level | There are both local an long distance control mechanisms; can both happen at the same time |
| Local Control | simple; near specific area; cell or tissue senses change and responds |
| Long-Distance Control | Systemwide change; involves NERVOUS SYSTEM &/or ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; involves RESPONSE LOOPS and FEEDBACK LOOPS |
| The RESPONSE LOOP to a change in key parameter (involved in Long-distance control) | Be able to DRAW IT; REMEMBER: It will respond to a stimulus usually OPPOSITE the original stimulus: |
| Stimulus | Change within a key parameter Ex. increase in HR |
| Sensor or Receptor | Detects the change |
| Afferent Pathway | TOWARDS the CNS |
| Integration Center | In brainstem; Makes a decision |
| Efferent Pathway | AWAY from CNS |
| Target or Effector | ARRIVES at Ex. SA Node of the heart |
| Response | Decrease in BP |
| A Simple Neural reflex (No feedback loop) | When running from a tiger or upon hearing alarm clock in the a.m: Many systems are working to relay info to the IC and the IC responds when CONDITIONALLY APPROPRIATE; so when the HR goes up in the body, it doesn't always fight to bring it back down |
| A Simple Endocrine reflec & A Complex neuro endocrine reflex | no feed back loop;variations of response loops from diff systems |
| Homeostasis and feedback | FEEDBACK response loops (2)and FEEDFORWARD response loops |
| Negative feedback response loops | Homeostatic; most common; maintains homeostasis; response DECREASES ORIGINAL CHANGE; part of a FEEDBACK loop |
| Positive feedback response loop | NOT Homeostatic; commonly rare; response INCREASES ORIGINAL CHANGE;also part of a FEEDBACK loop Ex. milk prod. during lactation and blood clotting response ONLY |
| Feedforward response loops | Recieve a stimulus andanticipate change = responding to a stimulus that isn't there yet Ex. Seeing or smellinf food; increase in acid prod. in stomach and increase in pepsinogen in stomach |
| How do we know it all? | Observation from a hypothesis and Experimentation with several variables (Scientific Method) |
| Independent variable | The variable THE EXPERIMENTER Controls (changes) EX. TIME |
| Depedendt variable | the EFFECT BEING MEASURED Ex. BP, HR |
| Control Group | EVERYTHING ELSE should be identical except the ONE thing you're CONTROLLING |
| Law | a statemetn of FACT describing an ACTION or SET OF ACTIONS; must be SIMPLE,TRUE, UNIVERSAL & ABSOLUTE; Often expressed as a simple mathematical equation |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess based of observation; with varying levels of more or less confidence in them |
| Theory | EXPLANATION OF a set of: RELATED observations or events based upon PROVEN hypothesis and VERIFIED MULTIPLE TIMES ; a set of observations on BIG evidence |
| Challenges in human experiments | 1. variablility (crossover study is best) 2. psychological factors (placebo, nocebe, blind/dbl blind 3. ethical considerations |
| Crossover study | 6wks testing then a break then another 6 wks testing |
| Placebo effect | Easy to Understand |
| Nocebo effect | patients experience side effect toa greater degree if you tell them ahead of time what the side effects are |
| Blind | designed to minimize things like the placebo effect; client DOESN"T KNOW if they have the druf or the sugar pill |
| Double Blind | Client nor experimentor knows what is given;to minimize recognizable responses |
| Ethical considerations | must abort experiments when the treatment is effective to the clients |
| Graphing do's | 1. label each axis (x,y) 2. provide units for each label (msec, days) 3. Title describes what we're looking at and what all the colored lines mean 4. Caption |
Created by:
Lkellyfly
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