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U3 - Endocrine Sys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system | consists of endocrine glands (ductless) that secrete hormones into blood; coordinates & directs activity of body cells; slow acting |
| Endocrine glands | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus, pancreas, gonads; hypothalamus is also part of system |
| Pancreas | mixed gland (endocrine and exocrine in nature); secretes hormones insulin and glycogen into blood; releases variety of digestive enzymes into duct to small intestine |
| Tissue composition of endocrine glands | primary composed of glandular epithelial tissue; a few consist partly of modified neurons that secrete hormones like the adrenal medulla; richly vascular |
| Chemical classes of hormones | amino acid-based (protein based) and steroids (derived from cholesterol |
| Cell features related to hormone production | cells that make and secrete protein hormones contain abundance of ribosomes, rough ER, and golgi apparatus; cells that make/secrete steroid have smooth ER and lipid droplets |
| Target cells and target organs of endocrine system | any given hormone affects only certain cells or organs; cells have specific receptors to which hormones can bind. |
| Pituitary gland/hypophysis | hangd from inferior hypothalamus by small stalk called infundibulum in hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone; anterior lobe/adenohypophysis and posterior lobe/neurohypophysis |
| Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis | composed of glandular epithelium; secretes 4 tropic hormones which target other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormone and prolactin |
| 4 tropic hormones of anterior pituitary/adenohypohysis | thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotripic, two gonadotropic hormones |
| Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis | composed of neural tissue, stores—does not make—antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| Pituitary-hypothalamus relationship | via hypophyseal portal system, hypothalamus controls what hormones are made and secreted |
| Growth hormone | made by anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis; promotes growth of long bones, skeletal muscles, protein synthesis |
| Prolactin | made by anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis; stimulates milk production |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | made by anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis; promotes adrenal cortex to release hormones |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | made by anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis; stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine |
| Gonadotropic hormones | made by anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis; follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone which regulate activity of ovaries and testes |
| Oxytocin | stored in/secreted by posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis, but made by hypothalamus; stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor; also promotes milk ejection |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stored in/secreted by posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis, but made by hypothalamus; promotes retention of water by kidneys |
| Thyroid gland | two lateral lobes joined by central bridge isthmus; composed of follicles filled with colloid (precursor of thyroxine |
| Thyroxine/thyroid hormone | major metabolic hormone; increases basal metabolic rate; also effects fat and protein metabolism; important for tissue growth/development of skeletal & nervous system esp. in children |
| Cretinism | hyposecretion of thyroxine/thyroid hormone in children which is characterized by dwarfism and mental retardation |
| Hyposecretion of thyroxine/thyroid hormone | results in mental and physical sluggishness, but not mental retardation since nervous system is already developed; weight gain, greater sensitivity to cold |
| Hypersecretion of thyroxine/thyroid hormone | results in high metabolic rate, weight loss, nervousness, rapid heart rate; grave’s disease is an example |
| Goiter | lump in neck caused by enlarged thyroid gland |
| Parathyroid glands | posterior to thyroid; most ppl have 2 pairs |
| Parathyroid hormone | produced and secreted by chief cells; increases blood calcium levels which is important re. nerve cell and muscle cell function |
| Adrenal (suprarenal) glands | one on top of each kidney; consists of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal cortex | three distinct layers-zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis; each secretes particular group of steroid hormones |
| Corticosteroids | all of the hormones produced and secreted by adrenal cortex; include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones |
| Mineralocorticoids | group of steroid hormones; main of this group is aldosterone, which regulates levels of mineral electrolytes of blood. Ex sodium |
| Glucocorticoids | group of steroid hormones; include cortisol and hydrocortisone which help body cope with long-term physical and emotional stress by elevating blood glucose levels; can also suppress inflammation |
| Sex hormones | regardless of one’s gender, small quantities of both male and female sex hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex; however bulk of these hormones are masculinizing hormones collectively known as androgens |
| Adrenal medulla | consists of modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood to enhance fight, flight, fright response. |
| Pancreas | posterior to stomach; mixed gland (endocrine and exocrine); contains pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans that produce pancreatic hormones |
| Beta cells of islets in pancreas | create insulin |
| Alpha cells in pancreas | create glucagon |
| Glucagon | pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose level |
| Insulin | reduces blood glucose level |
| Pineal gland | located in diencephalon of brain; has pinealocytes, secretes melatonin which establishes body’s day-night cycle; adult gland shows pineal sand |
| Thymus gland | located in upper thorax; relatively large in infants/children, atrophies with age; during childhood acts as incubator for maturation/programming of T cells/t lymphocytes, so helps prepare immunity |
| Gonads | testes/ovaries; produce estrogen and progesterone |
| Placenta | temporary endocrine gland; only present during pregnancy; produces hormones that help maintain pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin and relaxin. |
| Enteroendocrine cells | in lining of stomach and small intestine; secrete a few hormones to influence certain digestive processes |
| Erythropoietin | hormone produced by certain cells in kidneys which targest red bone marrow and stimulates production of erythrocytes |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | hormone produced by certain cells in the heart’s atria; promotes appearance of sodium in urine. |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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