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U3-Spine, Receptors
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | in ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord, subarachnoid space. Function is to serve as liquid cushion to protect from physical trauma |
| Choroid plexuses | special capillary networks located in each of brain’s four ventricles that form cerebrospinal fluid |
| Circulation of CSF | from two lateral ventricles thru interventricular foramen to third ventricle thru cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle through apertures to subarachnoid space to central canal to blood through dural sinuses. |
| Blood brain barrier | composed of least permeable capillaries in body; separates neurons from potentially harmful stuff in bloodstream; results from tight junctions of epithelial cells; Ineffective against fat-soluble mols i.e. nicotine, alcohol, anesthetics |
| Spinal cord | runs thru vertebral canal in vertebral column from medulla oblongata to 1st/2nd lumbar vertebra |
| Functions of spinal cord | sensory & motor innervation of all body below head; two way conduction pathway to & from brain; major reflex integration center |
| Spinal meningeal layers | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| Spinal cord ending | level of 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra; but meninges extend to end of vertebral column, which allows for safe spinal taps |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| Cauda equine | collection of spinal nerve roots located below the spinal cord in inferior part of the vertebral canal |
| Gray matter of spinal cord | x-section looks like butterfly; consists of dorsal/gray horns, ventral/anterior gray horns, lateral gray horns; consists largely of cell bodies |
| Anterior (ventral) gray horns | part of gray matter of spinal cord; contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons whose axons extend away from spinal cord via ventral roots then on to skeletal muscles via spinal nerves |
| White matter of spinal cord | myelinated tracts; divided into 3 regions on each side – posterior white column (funiculus); anterior white column (funiculus), lateral white column (funiculus) |
| Ascending tracts | consist of nerve fibers/axons that transmit afferent/sensory info UP spinal cord to brain; ex. Spinothalamic tract |
| Descending tracts | consist of nerve fibers that convey motor/efferent signals DOWN through brain & spinal cord; ex. Corticospinal/pyramidal tract |
| Sensory & motor pathways | |
| Nervous system pathways functions | transmit sensory info from peripheral sensory receptors to/thru spinal cord to brain; motor instructions from brain, thru spinal cord to effectors |
| Nervous system pathways | consist of nerve fibers/axons in both tracts and nerves; most crossover/decussate in CNS; have chain of only 2/3 neurons |
| Concussions | involves only slight brain injury; symptoms are dizziness, brief loss of consciousness, but no permanent damage |
| Coma | caused by significant damage to brain stem b/c of injury to reticular activating system |
| Cerebral hematoma and edema | due to blows from head; bleeding from ruptured vessels or swelling can cause this. |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/stroke/brain attack | occur when blood flow to area of brain is blocked and brain tissue dies b/c of oxygen deprivation; most caused by blood clot. |
| Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) | involve brief restrictions of blood flow to parts of the brain; symptoms of temporary paralysis, impaired speech; can warn of impending full attacks |
| Alzheimer’s disease | progressive degenerative disease of brain; dementia; structural chngs in areas of thinking, memory, hippocampus;shrinkage of gyri,decrease in synaptic connections, formation of abnormal protein deposits b/t neurons, formation of neurofibrillary tangles |
| Spina bifida | congential defect; incomplete formation of vertebral arches; cystica – meninges of spinal cord expand into bag-like cyst which protrudes from lumbar/sacral region of infant spine |
| Cerebral palsy | congenital condition; skeletal muscles poorly controlled/paralyzed due to damage to motor cortex, basal ganglia, or cerebellum which results due to interference of blood supply to brain during fetal development/difficult delivery |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ALS/Lou Gehrig’s disease | degeneration of pyramidal/corticospinal tracts in spinal cord and motor nuclei in brain; results in lack of normal muscle stimulation and subsequent atrophy of muscles |
| Maturation of nervous system through childhood | reflects progressive myelination and thickening of axons |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | includes sensory receptors, motor endings, ganglia, cranial nerves, spinal nerves. Encompasses motor subdivisions (somatic & visceral motor/autonomic) & sensory/afferent subdivisions of nervous system |
| Sensory receptors | structures that detect changes in internal and external environments; adequate stimulation leads to generation of nerve impulses which transmit info toward CNS where they are processed by cerebral cortex |
| Stimuli | internal and external environments of body; ex. Light, pressure, temperature |
| 3 ways to classify sensory receptors | type of stimulus they detect, location, structure |
| Receptor classification by type of stimulus | mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors |
| Mechanoreceptors | sensory receptor classification; generate nerve impulses in sensory neurons when they are deformed by mechanical forces like touch, pressure, vibration, stretch; include receptors in skin, auditory & equilibrium receptors in inner ear |
| Thermoreceptors | sensory receptor classification ; sensitive to changes in temperature |
| Photoreceptors | sensory receptor classification; sensitive to changes in light; are the rods and cones of retina |
| Chemoreceptors | sensory receptor classification; detect chemicals, include gustatory (taste) receptors, olfactory receptors, receptors that respond to changes in blood chemistry |
| Nociceptors | sensory receptor classification; respond to potentially or actually damaging stimuli that result in pain |
| Receptor classification according to location | proprioceptors |
| Proprioceptors | receptor class according to location; in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules where they detect stretch; provides CNS w/ info related to body position & movement. Ex. Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors |
| Receptor classification according to structure | simple and complex receptors |
| Simple receptors | class according to structure; modified dendrite endings of sensory neurons; associated with general somatic sensations like pain, touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, stretch |
| Complex receptors | class according to structure; structurally complicated receptor cells and organs that provide for the special senses (vision, hearing, smell/olfaction, taste/gustation, equilibrium |
| General somatic senses | pain, pressure, touch, vibration, temp, stretch associated w/ skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. |
| Visceral sensations | provided by sensory neurons innervating interal organs and detect stretch, temp, physical & chem irritation of those organs; detection gives rise to fullness, nausea, heat, pain |
| Referred pain | event in which people suffering from visceral pain often perceive the pain to be somatic in origin |
| Special senses | include vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste |
| Motor endings | axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate effectors. |
| Somatic motor endings | axon terminals that stimulate skeletal muscle cells at junctions called neuromuscular junctions or motor end plates. |
| Ganglia | groups/clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS; ex. Include dorsal roots ganglia and autonomic ganglia |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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