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U3 - Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four Major Regions/Subdivisions of Brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerbellum |
| Cerebrum | largest part of brain; consists of left and right cerebral hemispheres; grooves on surface include sulci/sulcus and fissures |
| Longitudinal fissure | separates left and right cerebral hemispheres of cerebrum |
| Gyri/gyrus | ridges on surface of cerebral hemispheres |
| Four main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| Central sulcus | groove of cerebrum that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe |
| Lateral sulcus | groove of cerebrum that separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes |
| Precentral sulcus | ridge of cerebrum immediately in front of the central sulcus; is in the posterior part of the frontal lobe |
| Postcentral gyrus | ridge of cerebrum immediately behind the central sulcus; is in the anterior part of the parietal lobe |
| Cerebral cortex | outer layer gray matter of cerebrum, billions of association neurons;“Executive suite” of nervous system, home of conscious mind. Awareness of ourselves & sensations, initiate & control voluntary movements, communicate, remember, understand |
| Fuctional areas of the cerebral cortex | Some higher mental functions, i.e. memory and language, spread over large cortical areas; some structurally distinct areas of cerebral cortex known to perform distinct functions. 3 kinds of functional areas recognized – sensory, association, motor |
| sensory areas of cerebral cortex | provide for conscious awareness of sensations; association areas, which integrate diverse information to enable purposeful action; and motor areas, which control voluntary motor functions (that is, control skeletal muscles). |
| association areas of cerebral cortex | integrate (process) diverse informtion to enable purposeful action |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | located on postcentral gyrus of partial lobe of the cerebral hemisphere; receives info concerned w/ general somatic senses (touch, pressure, pain, temp, vibration) & proprioception sensations from joint-related structures, like skeletal muscles & joints |
| Primary visual cortex | located in the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere. It receives visual information that orginates on the retina of the eye; if this cortical area is destroyed by a stroke (or otherwise), blindness results |
| Primary auditory cortex | area located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere; receives signals that originate in the cochlea of the inner ear and provides for conscious awareness of sound |
| Prefrontal cortex | Assotn. area that occupies much of frontal lobe; associated w/ thinking, understanding, intentionally remembering & recalling information, reasoning, judgement, abstract conceptualization, problem solving, social skills, emotions, empathy, conscience. |
| Primary motor cortex | area on precentral gyrus of frontal lobe; conscious control of skeletal muscles; axons extending from neuron cell bodies in primary motor area form major voluntary motor tract named the pyramidal/corticospinal tract (rt controls left; left controls rt) |
| Left vs. right Hemispheres | left and right cerebral hemispheres not functionally identical; in most people, left hemisphere=greater involvement with language, math, and logic, whereas the right hemisphere is more involved with emotion and artistic and musical skills. |
| Cerebral white matter | underlies cerebral cortex, makes up most of cerebrum interior; made of myelinated fiber tracts that provide for communication between different parts of the brain |
| Basal ganglia | group of nuclei deep in cerebrum; sometimes described as gray matter deep in hemispheres; regulate skel muscle activity @ subconscious level; Specific members include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus |
| Lateral ventricle | located in each cerebral hemisphere (relative to the brain, a ventricle is a space/chamber that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)). |
| Diencephalon | three main parts are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pinel gland. Thalamus and hypothalamus form the borders (walls) of the third ventricle). |
| Thalamus | contains about a dozen nuclei, each of which sends axons to particular portions of the cerebral cortex. Some thalamic nuclei serve as important relay stations for sensory input passing upward to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (in fact, all sens |
| pineal gland | secretes the hormone named melatonin which has an influence on mood, and also appears to help regulate the body's day-night cycle (peak in melatonin at night causes drowsiness) |
| Brain stem | consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| midbrain | uppermost part of brain stem. Contains nuclei called substantia nigra, whose axons produce and release dopamine (a neurotransmitter) to help regulate some of the basal nuclei in the cerebrum. Degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, and the subs |
| pons | forms prominent bulge in the brain stem between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Contains some centers involved with control of breathing. Dorsally, it is separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle. |
| medulla oblongata | most inferior part of the brain stem and is continuous with the spinal cord at level of foramen magnum; receives info about equilibrium, regulates autonomic functions; cardiac, vasomotor pressure, respiratory center |
| Cerebellum | 2nd in size to the cerebrum; inferior to occipital lobes & posterior/dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata; outer cortex and internal white matter. |
| motor areas of cerebral cortex | control voluntary motor functions (skeletal muscles) |
| pyramidal/corticospinal tract | major voluntary motor tract in primary motor cortex; descends downward thru brain and spinal cord. Axons cross over to the opposite side of the CNS (contralateral nature) as they pass down through the CNS; so, right controls left, left controls right |
| corpus callosum | a large tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, thus allowing them to communicate with one another and helping the hemispheres function as a coordinated whole. |
| Parkinson’s disease | due to degeneration of dopamine producing neuron cell bodies in substantia nigra; deficit of dopamine in the basal ganglia; symptoms are slow and jerky movements, tremor of the face, limbs, and hands, and difficulty in initiating voluntary movements. |
| Hypothalamus location | below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; contains about a dozen nuclei |
| Hypothalamus function | directs activity of ANS, so involved w/ regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands; regulates body temperature, water balance, metabolism; controls emotions, drives; regulates sleep-wake cycles |
| Hypothalamus functions | via its control of the pituitary gland, the regulates much of the endocrine system (the pituitary gland hangs from the floor of by a slender stalk named the infundibulum) |
| Hypothalamus Hormone Production | makes some hormones, including "releasing" and "inhibiting" hormones; oxytocin (which promotes uterine smooth muscle contractions during delivery); and antidiuretic hormone/ADH (which promotes water conservation by kidney tubules |
| Cerebellum functions | provides for subconscious control of skeletal muscle re-balance, equilibrium, coordination, posture; coordinates body movements b/c receives info on equilibrium, body position and movement, muscle control |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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