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Biology ****
Part 8 and 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 organelles that contain DNA? | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| function of mitochondria | carry out cellular respiration |
| cellular respiration | uses the energy in sugars, fats and proteins to make ATP |
| Do mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP? | YES |
| chloroplasts | convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars |
| endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotic cell originated as a community of prokaryotes |
| evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory | circular DNA, divide by simple fission, similar size |
| cytoskeleton | supports cell shape, anchors organelles, enable movement |
| 3 kind of protein fibers | microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments |
| microfilaments of actin | enable cells to change shape and move |
| intermediate filaments | reinnforce the cell and anchor certain organelles |
| microtubules | give the cell rigidity, provide anchors and tracks for organelles |
| two kind of cell motor protein | kinesin and dynein |
| what "things" move the cells? | flagella and cilia |
| flagella | long and few in #; ex: sperm |
| cilia | short and numerous; ex: ciliated epithelium that line our air passages move debris towards the throat |
| can phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble when mixed with water? | YES |
| what is energy? | capacity to do work |
| what is work? | moving an object against an opposing force |
| cellular metabolism | chemical reactions that process energy |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy changes are not 100% efficient |
| what is a chemical reaction | making or breaking of chemical bonds |
| what much energy does a bond contain? | a bond contains the amount of energy used to make it |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | power cellular work |
| how is the bond joining a phosphate group to the rest of the ATP molecule broken? | by hydrolysis |
| how is the motion of cilia and flagella created? | by the microtubules sliding past one another |
| what are enzymes? | proteins that serve as catalysts |
| name some cellular works that are powered by ATP | flagellar movements; cell crawling; heat production; active transport: Na+ K+ pump; motor protein movement; contraction; chemical activation |
| what is oxidation and reduction | oxidation is the loss of electron, reduction is the gain of electron. |
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