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Bio 223 S.G. 10
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System, Reflex Physiology....
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spinal Cord | Continuation of the brain stem, it's an association & communication center. Plays a major role in spinal reflex activity & provides neural pathways to & from higher nervous centers. Extends from foramen magnum to 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra. |
| Conus Medullaris | The cone-shaped terminating end of the Spinal Cord. |
| Filum Terminale | A fibrous extension of the pia mater, extends even farther to attach to the posterior coccyx. |
| Cauda Equina | The collection of spinal nerves transversing the inferior end of the vertebral canal. It's similar in look to a horse's tail. |
| Gray Matter | Looks like the a butterfly or the letter H on the spinal cord. |
| Cervical Plexus | Arises from the ventral rami of C1 through C5 to supply muscles of the shoulder and neck. |
| Phrenic Nerve | The major motor branch of the Cervical Plexus, arises from C3 through C4, passes into the thoracic cavity in front of the 1st rib to innervate the diaphragm. |
| Brachial Plexus | Arises from the ventral rami of C5 through C8 and T1. |
| Axillary Nerve | Serves the deltoid muscle |
| Musculocutaneous Nerve | Serves the biceps brachii |
| Median Nerve | Serves the flexor carpi radialis |
| Radial Nerve | Serves the triceps brachii |
| Ulnar Nerve | Serves most intrinsic muscles of hand |
| Lumbosacral Plexus | Serves the pelvic region of the trunk and the lower limbs and is a complex of 2 plexuses, the lumbar plexus and the sacral plexus. |
| Lumbar Plexus | Arises from ventral rami of L1 through L4 (and sometimes T12). Its nerves serve the lower abdominopelvic region and the anterior thigh. |
| Femoral Nerve | Serves the skin of anterior and medial thigh via anterior femoral cutaneious branch. |
| Obturator Nerve | Serves sensory for hip and knee joints. |
| Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve | Serves skin of lateral thigh |
| Sacral Plexus | Arises from L4 through S4, the nerves supply the buttock, the posterior surface of the thigh, and virtually all sensory and motor fibers of the leg and foot. |
| Sciatic Nerve | Two nerves that diverge just proximal to the knees. |
| Tibial Nerve | Serves skin of posterior surface of leg and sole of foot. |
| Common Fibular Nerve (including Deep Fibular & Superficial Fibular Nerves) | Serves the short head of biceps fermoris of thigh. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates body activities that are generally not under conscious control, such as cardia & smooth muscles, and glands. Often referred to the involuntary nervous system. |
| Difference Between The Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems | In the somatic division, the cell bodies of the motor neurons reside in the CNS and the axons extend all the way to the skeletal muscles. Autonomic consists of chains of 2 motor neurons, preganglionic & ganglionic neurons. |
| Parasympathetic Division | Origin: Located in brain nuclei or cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, and in S2 through S4 level of spinal cords. Function: "Resting & digesting," maintains visceral organs in state suitable for normal functions and interal homeostasis. |
| Sympathetic Division | Origin: Lateral horns of the gray matter from T1 through L2. Function: "Fight or flight," readies the body to cope with situations that threaten homeostatsis. |
| Reflex Arc | The neural pathways that mediate a reflex. |
| Receptor | The site of the stimulus action. |
| Sensory Neuron | Transmit afferent impulses to the CNS |
| Intergration Center | Consists of one or more neurons in the CNS |
| Motor Neurons | Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ. |
| Effector | Muscle fibers or glands, responds to efferent impulses characteristically (by contracting or secreting). |
| Somatic Reflexes | Include reflexes that involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system. |
| Stretch Reflexes | Important postural reflexes, normally acting to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion. |
| Patellar Reflex | Knee-jerk reflex, response assesses the L2-L4 level or the spinal cord. |
| Achilles Reflex | Ankle-jerk, assesses the first two sacral segments of the spinal cord. |
| Autonomic Reflexes | Mediated through the autonomic nervous system, usually aren't aware of them. These reflexes activate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. Regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salivation, and sweating. |
| Pupillary reflex | Involves the retina of the eye as the receptory, the optic nerve contains the afferent fibers, oculomotor nerve conducts efferent impulses, and smooth muscle is the effector. Many centeral nervous system centers are involved in the integration. |
| Salivary reflex | The effectors are the glands. The glands secrete varying amounts of saliva in response to reflex activation. |
| Sensory Receptors | React to stimuli or changes within the body and in the external environment. |
| Exteroceptors | React to stimuli in the external environment, and typically they are found close to the body surface. Include simple cutaneous receptors in the skin and highly specialized receptor structures of the special senses. |
| Interoceptors | Respond to stimuli arising within the body. Found within internal viceral organs and include stretch receptors and chemoreceptors. |
| Proprioceptors | Respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal musclesf, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissues converings of bones and muscles. Provide information on the position and degree of stretch of those structures. |
| General Sensory Receptors | Are cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors. They are modified dendritic endings that are sensitive to the environmental stimuli and react by initiating a nerve impulse. |
| Cutaneous Receptors | A type of exteroceptor. |
| Merkel Discs | A type of cutaneous receptor. Are free nerve endings associated with specific epidermal cells. Function as light touch receptors. |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | A cutaneous receptor. Nerve endings are encapsulated by connective tissue cells. Respond to light touch, located in dermal papillae of hairless skin only. |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | A cutaneous receptor. Lie deeper in the dermis. Respond only when deep pressure is first applied. Best suited to monitor high-frequency vibrations. |
| Muscle Spindles | A type of proprioceptor. Have minute extensions of nerve endings of the sensory neurons coil around specialized slender skeletal muscle cells. Stretching of muscles or tendons excite, which transmits impulses to cerebellum for interpretation. |
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AmericanDame105
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