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Bio401 - Lec3
Micro Bio Lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sedimentation Rate | Rate at which particles travel to the bottom of the tube during centrifugation-base on size and shape. |
| Svedberg Coefficient | Contribution of mass and shape (eg 30S)-increases with cross-sectional area. |
| Isoelectric Fousing | Gel with pH gradient-migrate to a point where #Positively charged residues = #negatively charged residues (net charge is 0-pH is equal to proteins isoelectric point). |
| Electrophoresis | Proteins migrate towards a positive electrode (depends on the molecular weight). |
| Subcellular Fractionation | Study form and function (ribosomes/membranes). Ultracentrifugation is one of the tools to isolate cell analysis. |
| X-Ray Crystallography | Shows 3D dimensional form at the atomic level. |
| Genetic Analysis | Shows which genes express the proteins of subcellular complexes-mutation can lead to altered function. |
| Membrane Protein Functions | -Structural Support -Detection of environmental signals -Secretion of virulence factors and communication signals -Ion transport and energy storage |
| Selective Transport | Keeps cytoplasmic proteins in and allow transport of molecules necessary for survival. |
| Passive Diffusion | Small uncharged molecules (O2, CO2, water) easily pass through the membrane. |
| Osmosis | Due to concentration differences of solutes, water diffuses into the cell. |
| Passive Transport | Molecules move along their concentration gradient. |
| Active Transport | Molecules move against their concentration gradient. Requires energy. |
| Sterols | Reinforcing agents in eukaryotic membranes such as cholesterol. |
| Hopanoids or Hopanes | Reinforcing agents in bacteria, which are pentacyclic hydrocarbon derivatives. |
| Terpenoids | Ether linked hydrocarbon chains that exist in Archaea. Every 4th carbon has a methyl brance. |
| Sacculus | Bacterial cell wall that consists of a single interlinked molecule consisting of glycan chains. |
| Peptidoglycan (or murein) | Long polymers of two disaccharides called N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, bound to a peptide of 4-6 amino acids. Can form cross-bridges connecting the parallel glycan strands. |
| Gram-Postive | Bacteria thick cell wall with multiple layers of peptidoglycan (up to 40), contains teichoic acids (reinforces peptidoglycan threaded through layers). |
| Gram-Negative | Bacteria thin cell wall consisting of 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan enclosed by outer membrane. |
| Capsule | Lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. Made of polysaccharides and enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease because it prevents phagocytosis. |
| S-Layer | Protects the cell from many different factors such as pH change, high molecular weight substances, and bacteriophages. |
| Teichoic Acids | Are bacterial polysaccharides[1] of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds. Function is to provide rigidity to the cell-wall by attracting cations such as magnesium and sodium. |
| Lipoproteins | A biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids water-bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins and toxins are lipoproteins. Membranes are made up of lipoproteins. |
| Porins | Permit entry of nutrients (sugars, peptides). Transport protein that allows passive diffusion. |
| Periplasm | Between inner and outer membrane. |
| Septum | Dividing partition, which is triggered by the replication of the termination site. |
| FtsZ | Forms a "Z ring" in spherical cells. |
| MreB | Forms a coil inside rode-shaped cells. |
| CreS "Crescentin" | Forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacteria. |
| Thylakoids | Extensively folded intracellular membranes-maximize photosynthesis. |
| Carboxysomes | Polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation. |
| Gas Vesicles | To increase buoyancy in aquatic and marine phototrophs (near sunlight). |
| Storage Granules | Glycogen, PHB, and PHA, for energy. |
| Magnetosomes | Membrane-embedded crystals of magnetite fixation. Orient the swimming of magnetotactic bacteria by earths magnetic field. |
| Pilin | Straight filaments of protein monomoers. |
| Sex Pili | Are used in conjugation (DNA Transfer). |
| Stalks | Membrane embedded extensions of the cytoplasm. Tips secrete adhesion factors called holdfasts. |
| Flagella | Rotate by cells membrane proton current to move the cell. |
| Chemotaxis | Is the movement of a bacterium in the response to chemical gradients (sensory system) - swim toward favorable environments. "Run" and "Tumble" movement cause a "random walk". |
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