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MBIO 3113 VOCAB I
EXAM I TERM incomplete
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleotide | Nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar moiety. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. |
| DNA replication | Process by which a copy of a DNA molecule is made |
| Transcription | Copying of one strand of DNA into a complementary RNA sequence by the enzyme RNA polymerase. |
| Translation | Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a mRNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein. Occurs on a ribosome. |
| RNA | Polymer formed from covalently linked ribonucleotide monomers. |
| DNA | Polynucleotide formed from covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. The store of hereditary information within a cell and the carrier of this information from generation to generation. |
| mRNA | RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence o a protein. Produced in eukaryotes by processing of an RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complimentary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes. |
| tRNA | Set of small RNA molecules used in protein synthesis as an interface/adaptor between mRNA and amino acids. Each type of tRNA molecule is covalently linked to a particular amino acid. |
| rRNA | Any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the synthesis of proteins. Often distinguished by their sedimentation coefficient. |
| Amino acids | Organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Those that serve as building blocks of proteins are alpha amino acids, having both the amino and carboxyl groups linked to the same carbon atom. |
| Enzymes | Proteins that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. |
| Gene | Region of DNA that is transcribed as a single unit and carries information for a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein or a set of related proteins generated by variant post-transcriptional processing, or a single R |
| Genome | The totality of genetic information belonging to a cell or an organism; in particular, the DNA that carries this information. |
| Plasma membrane | The membrane that surrounds a living cell. |
| Eukaryote | Organism composed of one or more cells that have a distinct nucleus. Member of one of the three main divisions of the living world, the other two being Bacteria & Achaea. |
| Prokaryote | Single celled microorganism whose cells lack a well defined, membrane enclosed nucleus. Either a bacterium or an archaeon. |
| Archaea | Single celled organism without a nucleus, superficially similar to bacteria. At a molecular level, more closely related to bacteria in metabolic machinery, but more similar to eukaryotes in genetic machinery. Archaea and Bacteria together make up the Pr |
| Bacteria | Member of the domain Bacteria, one of the three main branches of the tree of life: Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukaryotes. Bacteria and Archaea both lack a distinct nuclear compartment and together comprise the Prokaryotes. |
| Sugars | Small carbohydrate with a monomer unit of general formula (CHO). Eamples are the monosaccharides glucose fructose and mannose. Disaccharides such as sucrose (glucose linked with fructose). |
| Lipids | Organic molecule that is insoluble in water but tends to dissolve in nonpolar organic solvents. A special class, the phospholipids form the structural basis of biological membranes. |
| Condensation reactions | Chemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently linked through –OH groups with the removal of a molecule of water. |
| Hydrolysis | Cleavage of a covalent bond with accompanying addition of water. General formula is AB + H20 = AOH + BH. |
| Lipid bilayer | Thin double sheet of phospholipid molecules that forms the core structure of all cell membranes. The two layers of lipid molecules are packed with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic head outward, exposed to the water. |
| Proteins | The major macromolecular constituent of cells. A linear polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence. |
| Peptide bonds | Chemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid, a special form of amide linkages. Peptide bonds link amino acids together in proteins. |
| Metabolism | The sum total of the chemical proesses that take place in living cells. All of catabolism plus anabolism. |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which plants, algae, and some other bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Respiration | General term for an energy generating process in cells that involves the oxidative breakdown of sugars and other organic molecules and requires the uptake of oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products. |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of oxygen to a molecule or when a hydrogen is removed. Opposite of reduction. |
| Reduction | Addition of electrons to an atom, as occurs during the addition of hydrogen to a biological molecule or the removal of oxygen from it. |
| Substrate | Molecule on which an enzyme acts |
| Catalyst | Substance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction. |
| ATP | Nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenie, ribose, and three phosphate groups. The principal carrier of chemical energy in cells. The terminal phosphate groups are highly reactive in the sense that their hydrolysis or transfer to another molecule, take |
| ADP | Nucleotide produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP. Regenerates ATP when phosphorylated by an energy generating process such as oxidative phosphorylation. |
| NAD+, NADH | Electro carrier system that participates in redox reactions, such as oxidation of food molecules. NAD accepts the equivalent of a hydride ion to become the activated carrier NADH. The NADH formed donates the high energy electron to the ATP generating pr |
| Acetyl CoA | Small water soluble activated carrier molecule. Consists of an acetyl group linked to coenzyme A by an easily hydrolysable thioester bond. |
| Glycolysis | Ubiquitous metabolic pathway in the cytosol in which sugars are incompletely degraded with production of ATP. Literally sugar splitting. |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic energy yielding metabolic pathway. In anaerobic glycolysis, for instance, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol, with the conversion of NADH to NAD. |
| Matrix | Space or supporting medium within which something is formed. 1 : large internal compartment of the mitochondrion. 2: the corresponding compartment in a chloroplast, more commonly known as the stroma. 3: extracellular matrix. The extracellular composit |
| Krebs cycle | Central metabolic pathway found in aerobic organisms. Oxidizes acetyl groups derived from food molecules, generating the activated carriers NADH and FADH2, some GTP, and waste CO2. In eukaryotic cells it occurs in the mitochondria. |
| Electrochemical proton gradient | Combined influence of a difference in the concentration of an ion on two sides of a membrane and the electrical charge difference across the membrane (membrane potential). Ions or charged molecules can move passively only down their electrochemical gradi |
| NADH dehydrogenase complex | First of the three electron driven proton pumps in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It accepts electrons from NADH. |
| FADH¬2 | Electron carrier system that function in the citric acid cycle. One molecule of FAD gains two electrons plus two protons. |
| GTP | Nucleoside triphosphate produced by the phosphorylation of GDP. Like ATP, it releases a large amount of free energy on hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate group. Has a special role in microtubule assembly, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. |
| Electron transport chain | Series of reactions in which electron carrier molecules pass electrons down the chain from a higher to successively lower energy levels, to a final acceptor molecule. The energy released during electron movement Can be used to power various processes. E |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen. Involves the intermediate generation of a proton gradient (pH) across a membrane and a chemiosmot |
| Alpha helix | Common folding pattern in proteins, in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a right handed helix stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms. |
| Beta sheet | Common structural motif in proteins in which different sections of the polypeptide chai nrun alongside each other, joined together by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. Also known as the B pleated sheet. |
Created by:
genechem
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