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Landscape Eco Final
Ecology Landscape Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Island Biogeography - Large Islands | Bigger target (increase immigration) and more habitat (lower extinction); target effect |
| Island Biogeopgraphy - Small Islands | Small target (lower immigration) and fewer habitats (increase extinction) |
| Island Biogeography - Far Islands | lower immigration and increase extinction |
| Island Biogeography - Close Islands | rescue effect due to source of propagules nearby; decrease extinction |
| Ectothermic | Body temperature regulated by the environment and have a decrease in metabolic needs; ex: reptiles |
| Endothermic | Body temperature regulated internally; increase in metabolic needs |
| Endemic | found only in one location |
| Island Biogeography | MacArthur & Wilson study of immigration and extinction of species on islands |
| Island Biogeography | 1.originally conceived, immigration is a linear function of distance 2.Once species is on island, rate of extinction depends on availablity of resources 3.Resources should be proportional to island size |
| Island Biogeography Weaknesses | 1.ignore species identities 2.immigration & extinction can be interdependent 3.island area could be same with different # of habitats 4.ignores speciation 5.equlibrium rare 6.habitat or competition may be more important 7.ignores edge,patch quality,matrix |
| Diamond Study | Test of Island Biogeography study on Channel islands off California coast identified 1.high turnover rate of species but # of species remains consistent 2.turnover greater on small and/or isolated islands |
| Krakatau | Dramatic primary succession due to volcanic disturbance with high turnover for most plants & animals;consistent with island bio model;organisms return @ different rates (birds & plants high,non-flying mammals low) |
| Simberloff & Wilson | Man-made disturbance to remove all lifeforms from Mangrove islands off Florida coast; weekly count of species found most islands (not most distant) recovered species count in less than a year;islands had multple equilibria |
| Metapopulation Theory | applied to habitat destruction; paradigm shift from Island Biogeography study; if population is fragmented into subpopulation, local extinction may be balanced by recolonization from neighboring populations |
| Metapopulation Theory | assumes probability of extinction is less than probability of colonization |
| Extinction Threshold | occurs when certain percentage of habitat is destroyed; studies indicate 60% |
| Extinction Debt | distance in time when extinction follows habitat destruction |
| Metapopulation Study | Main task is to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable habitat;most useful to determine suitable habitats; also use logistic regression and multivariate statistical methods; difficult to distinguish source,sinks & unsuitable habitats |
| Habitat Suitability Index | proportion value to find species in an habitat; utilize GIS software to display data |
| Weaknesses of Metapopulation Studies | 1.Variation in qulaity of surrounding patch or landscape matrix 2.Boundary effects or edges 3.Connectivity among patches 4.Variation in patch quality |
| Vertebrate Studies (Hansen et al 1993) | Habitat suitability & life-history characteristics more important than detailed demographic data |
| Gap Analysis | examines existing preserves and vertebrate distributions to identify areas of high species richness that remain unprotected; looks for biodiversity hotspots |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms -Ecological Neighborhoods | empirically defined by: 1.ecological processing such as foraging or reproduction 2.time scale appropriate to process 3.organism activity during time period |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms -Ecological Neighborhoods | Example:herbivores's spatial arrangement of vegetation influences success in finding food; during winter,resources ae highly variable which causes ungulates to make decisions at very,broad scales |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Ecological Neighborhood | Example: moose have large migrations to find lichens (fungi) to eat |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Patch | larger,heterogeneous patches support more species with greater local environmental variability |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Patch | larger,more heterogeneous patches have increase in species area which increases environmental variability creating an increase in niches |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Patch | Example: Tropical Rain Forest has highest biodiversity with increase in species diversity, increase competition, increase specialization of niche |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Patch | Example: tropical rain forest has high biodiversity due to:1.more sunlight 2.less seasonal variation 3.more water 4.increase plant diversity which increases animal diversity 5. not as static (increase fragmentation during dry periods) |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Patch | smaller patches have more edge due to surface area to volume ratio |
| Adaptive Radiation | results from periods of connectivity followed by periods of fragmentation which increases speciation |
| Factors Affecting Rates of Natural Selection | 1.competition 2.predation 3.parasitism 4.sexual selection |
| Factors Affecting Rates of Natural Selection | Example: mammals in African savannah 1.cheetah with fast run 2. zebra with complicated pattern |
| Red Queen Hypothesis | term is taken from the Red Queen's race in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. The Red Queen said, "It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." |
| Red Queen Hypothesis | In reference to an evolutionary system, continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the systems being co-evolved with |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Connectivity | constrains spatial distribution of species with fencerows being important areas for some species |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Connectivity | Lefkovitch & Fahrig (1985) populations in isolated patches die out earlier and have lower population sizes than populations in connected patches |
| Threshold | the point at which a habitat becomes either connected or disconnected; dependent on 1.organism (size or recognition by other organisms) 2.amount of habitat 3.spatial configuration 4.suurounding matrix |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Scale & Landscape Matrix | can strongly influence local populations by using bigger time and geographic perspective |
| Effects of Spatial Pattern on Organisms - Landscape Matrix | Pearson studied wintering birds in Georgia along powerlines; found presence and abundance of some species best explained by habitats in surrounding landscape |
| Ecosystem | all organisms within a spatially explicit area along with abiotic environment (Tansley 1935) |
| Ecosystem Ecology | focuses on energy flow and nutrient cycling |
| Landscape Ecology | study of effects of spatial heterogeneity on ecosystems |
| Soil Carbon | Parton et al (1987) studied spatial variation in soil organic matter and carbon in Great Plains |
| Soil Carbon | accunulation of orgnic matter in soils depend on 1.temperature 2.moisture 3.soil texture 4.plant lignin content |
| Soil Carbon | increases from southwest to northeast and is greater on fine-textured soils than on sandy soils |
| Soil Carbon Sequestration | Best Management Practices(BMP) to increase soil organic carbon include: 1.cover crops (rye grass,winter wheat grass) 2.no till agriculture 3. better nutrient mgmt. 4.trees dispersed among crops |
| Pedogenic | relating to processes occuring in soils or leading to formation of soil |
| Pedogenic Regimes - Podzolization | occurs in East Tx & temperate climates; temperate and subartic latitudes with high elevations 1. cool temps & abundant moisture 2.high plant growth but limited microbes so humus accumulates 3.acidic soil due to release of organic acids as humus decays |
| Pedogenic Regimes - Laterization | tropics ; little humus accumulates so clays form creating low productivity soils |
| Pedogenic Regimes - Calcification | arid & semi-arid environments ex: Flint Hills in Kansas with marine invertebrate fossils found in limestone; inland seas cause higher pH due to calcium carbonate deposits beneath ancient seas; deep fertile soils of prairies used for agricultural |
| Pedogenic Regimes - Gleization | alpine areas such as Scotland;permanently wet or frozen soils with peat formation due to lack of decomposition with sparse plants due to acidic soils |
| Soil Characteristic - Gypsum | excess sulfate ; ex: Davis Mountains in West Texas formed from volcanic rock |
| Soil Characteristic - Serpentine | calcium deficient such as metmorphic rock found in rocky coastal areas such as Dover Beach, Great Lakes |
| Soil Characteristic - Halomorphic | associated with salt marshes ex: Gulf Coast |
| Plant Adaptations to Soils - Acidic | acidic soils have limited nutrients(nitrogen & phosphorus) 1.insectivorous plants - pitcher plants,venus flytraps 2.evergreen trees retain leaves |
| Plant Adaptations to Soils - Location | Southeastern US; 1.upland soils sandy, well-drained for pines 2. lowland soils fine,water retaining soils for bottomland hardwoods such as sweetgum,cottonwood, sycamore, water oak |
| Animal Adaptations to Soil - Burrowing | ex: West Texas for Texas Earless Lizard need particular soil type to dig tunnels |
| Animal Adaptations o Soil - Climbing | ex: rock pocket mouse, collared lizard ; animals need rocky hillsides or boulder fields |
| Nitrogen Cycle | process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms;carried out via both biological and non-biological processes;include fixation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. |
| Nitrification | nitrogen gas to organic form of nitrogen ; fixing atmospheric nitrogen; nitrogen gas to nitrate to ammonium |
| Denitrification | organic form of nitrogen to gaseous form; occurs in wetlands,riparian zones and flood plains; ammonium to nitrate to nitrogen gas |
| Biogeochemistry - Nitrogen | good indicator of ecosystem function;1.limits primary productiom intemperate ecosystems 2.Nitrogen in streams indicates disturbances that lead to nitrogen leaching 3.nitrogen dynamics at landscape influenced by abiotic gradients & biotic interactions |
| Biogeochemistry Studies | limited usually to stream disturbances; increase nutrient loss and runoff following fire or clearcutting |
| Biogeochemistry Studies - Hubbard Brook Experiment | New Hampshire in late 1960's -Massive clear cut studied which caused mass loss of nutrients; high nitrate concentration found in run-off |
| photic zone | the uppermost layer in a body of water into which daylight penetrates in sufficient amounts to influence living organisms, esp. by permitting photosynthesis |
| tannins | give lake a tea color which limits photosynthesis |
| Lake Stratification | Layers formed by differences in temperatures which causes fluctuations in density; epilimnion-top layer (fish location in summer)metalimnion-middle layer contains thermocline(fish found in winter)hypolimnion-bottom layer (anoxic to fish due to low oxygen |
| point pollution | Identifiable inputs of waste that are discharged via pipes or drains primarily (but not exclusively) from industrial facilities and municipal treatments plants into rivers, lakes, and ocean |
| non-point pollution | caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters and ground waters |
| non-point pollution | can be traced within 1 sq.mile area to source; nitrogen & phosphorus are 2 main studied pollutants often due to urbanization & agriculture use |
| Source | region of source of Nitrogen from Keshner & Meenttemeyer study which quantified & mapped regions of agricultural watershed |
| Sink | deposits of nitrogen from Keshner & Meenttemeyer study which quantified & mapped regions of agricultural watershed |
| Riparian Zone | critically important for buffering against excessive loss of nitrogen; one of the most modified ecosystems in Norrth America with 2/3 areas converted to other land uses |
| hydric soils | soils saturated with water |
| Riparian Zone Functions | 1. denitrification 2. sediment deposition 3. reduce effect of flooding |
| Effect of Loss of Riparian Zone | 1. upstream river modifications upset lower stream 2. important seasonal resource base for terrestrial predators ( bears, eagles eat salmon) 3. fertilizer for terrestrial ecosystems (salmon provide nutrients for plant growth) |
| Freshwater Wetland | non-tidal ecosystem where soils are saturated with water on permanent or seasonal basis with biomass vegetation responsible for ability to filter pollutants from the environment |
| Freshwater Wetland | most endangered habitat and among the most important of all world ecosystems for purpose of water purification and flood control |
| Freshwater Wetland - Everglades | once covered lower 1/4 of Florida,drained for agricultural and urbanizational development; millions spent to drain & now billions spent to recover |
| Net Effects of Loss of Freshwater Wetlands | 1. loss of uninterrupted sheet flow 2.fluctuations in water level 3.higher frequencies if dry down events 4.disproportionate loss of high elevation short hydroperiod wetlands 5. infiltration of salt water disrupts enevironments |
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YoungbloodScience
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