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Worsham Path Q2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pathology | the study of disease-specifically the study of the structure and function of the body as it is affected by disease |
| where does the term pathology come from | Greek word for disease or suffering (pathos) and the word for science or "study of" (logos) |
| when does the field of pathology come into play | when structure and function are no longer "normal" |
| who is the "father of medicine" | the Greek physician Hippoctrates (460-359BC) |
| gross pathology | studies changes in the structure and function of the body which can be observed with the unaided eye |
| microscopic, cellular or histo-pathology | studies changes which occur in cells of the body at the microscopic level |
| general pathology | deal with general or broad disease processes, such as necrosis or inflammatin, which may affect the entire body or wide-spread tissues and organs |
| special pathology | studies disease processes affecting individual body areas or systems, such as pathology of the respiratory system or diseases of the skin |
| pathological anatomy | study of tissues which have been removed from the body for patholoical study |
| tissuses removed during surgery or a biopsy is also known as | surgical pathology |
| autopsy pathology | tissues removed during autopsy |
| clinical pathology | deals with the laboratory study of, and the performance of standardized tests on, body fluids, and secretions, such as blood and urine tests, or cultures and smears of various types |
| physiological pathology | refers to studying the functional changes in the body resulting from disease |
| medical-legal pathology (forensic pathology) | that field of pathology which deals with both the medical and legal issues surrounding death |
| autopsy (postmortem examinaion; necropsy) | from the Greek words for "self" and "sight", used to refer to the examination of the body after death in order to determine the cause of death and/or existence of various disease conditions |
| translation of necropsy | "a state of death" |
| disease | any change in the structure or function of the body as a result of injury to the tissues |
| acute | rapid onset-short duration |
| chronic | gradual onset-long duration |
| fulminating disease | acute disease that ends in death |
| recurrent disease | symptoms and signs of a disease reappear after a period of remission |
| infectious disease | disease caused by a living pathogenic microorganism; transmitted from person to person |
| contagious (communicable) | diseases which are easily transmitted from person to person |
| infestation | refers to the presence of macroscopic organisms in or on the body (animal parasites, fleas, ticks) |
| idiopathic | cause of disease is not known |
| occupational | disease results from the nature of one's working conditions (coal minners disease-black lung) |
| endemic | dieases which are always present to some degree in a given area or community |
| sporadic | diseases which are found to occur only occasionally in a community |
| epidemic | diseases which affect a much larger than normal number of people in a community at one time |
| pandemic | diseases which affect the majority of the population in a very large area, possibly even worldwide |
| prevalence | refers to the number of cases of a disease within a certain population at a given time |
| acquired disease | development of a disease after birth |
| congenital disease | present at or before birth |
| hereditary disease | disease transmitted from parent to offspring |
| all genetic diseases are | hereditary |
| not all hereditary diseases are | genetic |
| febrile disease | disease characterized by the presence of a fever |
| intoxication | the state of being poisoned |
| deficiency disease | disease caused by the lack of some essential element |
| iatrogenic | one which results from a physicians treatment of a patient |
| malformations or anomalies | any defect in formation, structure or position of the body part. (something other then normal-no matter how small or large) |
| aplasia | absence of a body part |
| hypoplasia | under development of a body part |
| spina bifada | defect in the walls of the lower part of the spinal column |
| polydactylism | excess number of fingers or toes |
| hernia | protrusion of an organ through the wall of the body cavity in which it is contained |
| fistula | abnormal tract or channel through the tissues, connecting one body cavity with another, or connecting a cavity with the surface of the body |
| cyst | sac-like structure, containing fluid or a semi-solid substance. (abnormal debelopment of tissues, obstruction of ducts or infections) |
| Down's Syndrome (mongolism) | genetic defect resulting in various degrees of mental retardation, a dwarfed physique, and certain characteristic abnormalities of the head and extremities |
| lesion | any change produced by a disease (cold sore, peptic ulcer, broken bone, abscess, chancre) |
| organic diseases | disease have readily identifiable characteristic lesions (swollen & inflamed mucous membranes, ulcerations of syphilis) |
| functional disease | disease with no apparent underlying organic disorder |
| symptom | subjective manifestation of a disease. Those things which cannot be measured such as pain or malaise ("just don't feel good") |
| sign | objective manifestation of disease. Those things which can be measured such as blood pressure, body temperature, swelling, heart rate |
| syndrome | group of signs and symptoms that occur together. The sum of the signs and syptoms of any pathological condition |
| diagnosis | the determination of what disease exists. Analysis of patient history, signs, symptoms, and results of tests ordered by the physician |
| differential diagnosis | the process by which a physicain will rule out certain diseases with similar signs and symptoms so that an accurate determination can be made |
| prognosis | prediction of the outcome of a disease |
| remission | abatement; temporary or permanent disappearance of signs and symptoms |
| exacerbation | a sudden increase in the severity of signs and symptoms |
| complication | any unfavorable condition that may arise during a disease (hemorrhage resulting from duodenal peptic ulcer) |
| etiology | cause of the disease (specifically, the study of the cause of disease |
| pathogenesis | development of a disease, what it causes, what changes it produces, and how it affects the structure (morphology) and function (physiology) of the part or organ involved and the body as a whole |
| what are 6 predisposing factors for diseases | age, race, gender, genetics, occupation, environment |
| whar are 7 immediate/existing cause of disease | trauma, physical agents, chmical agents, living agents, deficiencies, allergens, heredity |
| sequelae | remote aftereffects of disease. May appear 20 to 30 years after the acute stage |
| intercurrent disease | disease that arises during the course of another disease (patient with cancer myocardial infarction) |
| non-suppurative disease | non-spus forming |
| communicable disease | disease that can be transmitted from one person to another |
| allergy | a state of hypersensitivity of the immune system; an overreaction to a harmless substance called allergen |
| functional disease | disease with no apparent underlying organic disorder (phobias) |
| inflammation | body's response to tissue injury |
| it is not a diaease, but a process the body goes through in response to an injury | inflammation |
| inflammation can be thought of as a | defense mechanism |
| the 3 purposes of inflammation are | 1-limit extension of this injurious, 2-destroy & remove the injurious agent, 3-mechanism for allowing the body to repair itself & return the injured tissues to normal use |
| four common causes of inflammation | living agents, chemical irritants, physical irritants, immunological reactions |
| inflammatory response is initiated when | injured and dying cells release chemical substances into the surrounding tissues which in turn stimulate other events to occur |
| no matter the cause of inflammation the common underlying situation is | damage to bodily tissues |
| in an attempt to isolate infection capillaries become ______ permeable, leaking additional fluid, which carry _______ and ______ _______ | more, antibodies, plasma proteins |
| plasma proteins are involved in | blood clot formation (fibrin formation) |
| exudates | excess fluids which collect around an inflammation site may be thought of as a type of edema |
| exudates may be categorized based on the substances they contain, which would be | purulent or suppurative (pus), hemorrhagic (blood), serous (clear liquid portion of the blood) |
| diapedesis | white blood cells are migrating out of the capillary walls and into the surrounding tissues |
| neutrophils | are the most prevalent type of phagocytic white blood cells and they help to ingest invading bacteria and other cellular debris |
| the process of pus formation is called | suppuration |
| bacteria which cause suppuration are called | pyogenic |
| what are 5 signs of cardinal inflammation | heat (calor), redness (rubor), pain (dolor), swelling (tumor), altered function |
| which sign of inflammation is associated with extra blood flow | heat and redness |
| swelling is | additional blood flow and presence of exudates |
| pain associated with inflammation is | pressure on sensory nerve endings in the vicinity of the inflammation |
| altered function can be the result of | any combinaiton of calor, rubor, dolor or tumor |
| what are the 6 common lesions associated with inflammation | abscess, ulcer, vesicle, pustule, furuncle, carbuncle |
| abscess | an area of pus surrounded by wall of inflammatory tissue |
| ulcer | a localized area of necrosis on the skin or mucous membranes |
| vesicle | an elevation of the skin containing fluid |
| pustule | an elevation of the skin containing pus |
| furuncle | boil; an abscess located in the deeper layers of the skin |
| carbuncle | 2 or more communicating furuncles; often accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, weakness, fatigue |
| when the inflammatory process has mangaged to overcome the injurious agent the next step is | tissue repair |
| repair | refers to the replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue |
| scar or cicatrix | involves the formation of fibrous connective tissue |
| regeneration | refers to the replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue |
| tissues of the body have equal or varying regenerative capacities | varying |
| resolution | indicate the termination of an inflammatory reaction, with the body part returned to normal use |
| what are the 2 main implications of inflammation | 1-skin burns, infectious lesions 2-internal inflammorty condition |
| how to overcome skin burns and infectious lesions | cosmetic civering of minor discolorations, excision of cebrotic tissue, surface compresses, hypodermic injection to supplement arterial injection |
| how to overcome internal inflammatory condition | higher fluid content in localized areas of inflammation |
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