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Landscape Eco Test 2
Landscape Ecology Test Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a model? | abstract representation of system or process; can be physical, graphical or mathematical |
| Important Model Components | 1.Predictive Ability 2.All models require assumptions 3.Clearly Define Parameters |
| Why use models? | 1. Generate information from a large scale experiment that are not feasible to conduct 2.Good for generating hypothesis |
| Model | abstract representation of a system or process used to generate testable hypothesis for experiments not feasible to conduct due to time or cost.Important to define parameters clearly & recognize models require assumptions. |
| Deterministic | Model type with specific outcome for the paramter Ex: # of eggs in ovary of leopard darter |
| Stochastic | Model type with some uncertainty because repeated simulations can produce a range of results Ex: Survivorship study of leopard darter by marking fish for recapture one year later to estimate population numbers |
| Analytical | Model type based on mathematical formula Ex: Species richness is the number of different species in a given area. It is represented in equation form as S |
| Simulation | Model type based on lack of closed form solution and relies on computer calculations Ex: ARC Explorer software computer analysis |
| Dynamic | Model type which changes through time; divided into sub categories of Continuous or Discrete |
| Static | Model type which lacks a time component |
| Allee Effects | With a decreasing population size a decrease in genetic diversity occurs; this is due to difficulty in finding mates and genetic abnormalities |
| GIS Models | Can be used to predict probability of a species occurrence in a certain habitat and are able to analyze large volumes of information to determine what data means |
| Collapse of Atlantic Cod | Example of when models can generate incorrect results due to false assumptions; fish were over harvested based on model numbers |
| Importances of Spatial Modeling | 1. Spatial pattern is independent variable in an analysis 2.Predicting spatial variation of an attribute & how it changes through time 3.Questioning involves processes or biotic interactions that generate pattern |
| Spatial Model - Spatial Pattern Example | What is the effect of different arrangements of habitat on diversity? |
| Spatial Model - Predicting Effects of Spatial Variation | What will be the effect of a disturbance? |
| Spatial Model - Processes or Biotic Interactions that Generate Patterns | How does competition affect spatial habitat use in the landscape? |
| Steps for Model Building | 1.Define problem 2.Develop Conceptual Model 3.Select Model Type 4.Model Development 5.Computer Implementation 6. Parameter Estimation 7. Model Evaluation 8. Refine Model/Experimentation |
| Model Building | Utilizes the scientific method to conduct a virtual experiment that can generate results that cannot otherwise be acquired due to time or cost constraints. |
| Caveats of Model Building | 1. Know the models well 2. Small errors in sensitive parameters lead to large errors in output 3. All models simplify reality 4. Never have enough data 5. High tech does not mean good model |
| Disturbance | relatively discrete event that disrupts the structure of an ecosystems, community or population which can be biotic or abiotic |
| Types of Disturbances | Disease, Insect, Drought, Fire, Wind, Hurricane, Tornado |
| Disturbance Event | Individual event such as catastrophic fire or tornado |
| Disturbance Regime | Characteristic of a landscape ex: wet/dry seasons of African savannah |
| Disturbances | Can be defined based on frequency, return interval,rotation period, size, intensity & severity |
| Disturbance Frequency | Number of Disturbances |
| Disturbance Return Interval | Cycle or Turnover Time; Time Between disturbances; Time for Environment to Recover |
| Disturbance Intensity | Physical Force Per Area Over Time or Biological population Level & Host Susceptibility |
| Disturbance Severity | Effect on Organisms,Community, or Ecosystems |
| Patch Dynamics | 1.Ecological systems are conceptualized as mosaics of patches generated by disturbance 2.Important for understanding role of disturbances in landscape ecology 3. Implies spatial relationship between disurbed & undisturbed areas |
| Patch Dynamics Considerations | 1. Areas do not always come back to original species dynamics 2.What will happen if patch is removed? 3.How long will it take the patch to recover? |
| Landscape Position | topographic position of a site, including relative elevation, landform,slope and aspect |
| Fire Disturbance | In mountain regions this disturbance occurs primarily on south facing slopes at lower elevation due to temperature, moisture and oxygen levels. |
| Hurricane Disturbance | This disturbance has a high predictable pattern to landforms and wind prevalence. |
| Landscape Position & Disturbance | Recovery of area after disturbance is related to landscape position. Ex: Mt.St.Helens had region where plants protected by snow regenerated more quickly |
| Landscape Position & Disturbance | Not all disturbances have a direct relationship with landscape position, such as tornado with no spatial directionality exhibits no influence with relation to topography. |
| Intermediate Disturbances Hypothesis | Shows the greatest diversity fitness occurs with moderate disturbance levels with multi-species arrangement and moderate fragmentation of landscape. |
| Spatial Homogeneity | Enhances spread of disturbance Ex: Dutch Elm Disease |
| Landscape Spatial Patterns & Disturbances | Patterns of extreme spatial homogeneity of monoculture species increase the spread of disease disturbance(Dutch Ekm Disease) while extreme spatial heterogeneity,due to fragmentaion,can increase spread of disesase.(Ex: Forest Tent Caterpillar in Canada) |
| Influences of Disturbances | Large,infrequent disturbances can increase heterogeneity of landscape. Ex:Hurricanes produce areas of diversity with age & height of structure which influences ecosystem development. Ex: Floods influence by slope & elevation and effect heterogeneity. |
| R Organisms | early successional, short lived, reproduce early , no parental care, semeparous Ex: leopard darter, insects |
| K Organisms | Late successional,long-lived, reproduce later, parental care, iteroparous Ex: mammals |
| Disturbance & Succession | Linked together because disturbance patch size, heterogeneity & distance from undisturbed site effect the pattern of succession, whether early or late. |
| Wallace's Line | Diversity line identified by Alfred Wallace between islands of Southeast Asia between the Orient & Australia caused by travel distances of organisms |
| Disturbance & Succession | After disturbance, vegetation that is residual & grows quickly will determine primary succession species. Availability of propagules,or seeds,residual from site of traveled from surrounding intact community will determine successional patterns. |
| Term - Allee Effects | Loss of genetic variation due to small population size |
| Term - Disturbance Event | individual event which disrupts a community ex: tornado, hurricane ,fire |
| Term - Disturbance Regime | Characteristic of a landscape which requires organisms to adapt to habitat changes ex: fire adaptive traits of long leaf pine forest and red cockaed woodpecker |
| Term - Climax Community | Endpoint of succession; not really in existence; recognizes an endpoint with a group of species most resistant to disturbances |
| Term - Wallace's Line | Diversity line identified by Alfred Wallace between South Pacific islands of Southeast Asia between the Orient & Australia caused by travel distance capabilities of organisms |
| Term - Patch Dynamics | Describe how populations and communities respond to patchy landscape edge and edge depth |
| Term - Geomorphology | the branch of geology that is concerned with the structure, origin, and development of the topographical features of the earth's surface |
| Term - QHEI | Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index; water quality measurement rating which measures instream geography; rating of 70 is acceptable habitat quality |
| Term - IBI | Index of Biotic Integrity water quality measurement rating of the aquatic vertebrate community and the surrounding conditions by using fish species as indicators; measure of 42 is acceptable |
| Term - B-IBI | Benthic Index of Biological Integrity; water quality measurement rating of population samples of benthic macroinvertebrates; rating of 42 acceptable |
| Term - Red Cockaded Woodpecker | endangered fire tolerant species found living in long leaf pine tree stands with open understory; loss of long leaf pines habitat has reduced number of species |
| Term - Chestnut Blight | forest fungal disease brought over by immigrants from European chestnut trees which infected the American chestnut tree |
| Term - Dutch Elm Disease | Fungus carried by bark beetles which infect American Elm trees; avoiding moncultures of American Elm trees can reduce spread of disease |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | A model is an abstract representation of a system or process used to generate testable hypothesis for experiments not feasible to conduct due to time or cost.Important to define parameters clearly & recognize models require assumptions. |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Deterministic-Model type with specific outcome for the paramter Ex: # of eggs in ovary of leopard darter |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Stochastic-Model type with some uncertainty because repeated simulations can produce a range of results Ex: Survivorship study of leopard darter by marking fish for recapture one year later to estimate population numbers |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Analytical- Model type based on mathematical formula Ex: Species richness is the number of different species in a given area. It is represented in equation form as S |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Simulation-Model type based on lack of closed form solution and relies on computer calculations Ex: ARC Explorer software computer analysis |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Dynamic- Model type which changes through time; divided into sub categories of Continuous or Discrete |
| Short Answer - Define model and describe classification of models. | Static - Model type which lacks a time component |
| Short Answer - Identify components required for landscapes to be in equilibrium. | 1. Closed Systems 2. Self-Regulating 3. Stable equilibrium 4. Determinstic 5. Free of Disturbance 6. Independent of human influence |
| Short Answer - Identify components required for landscapes to be in equilibrium | Equilibrium is ecological state defined mathematically based on persistence (non-extinction or presence) or constancy (minimal fluctuations in numbers or proportions) |
| Short Answer - Identify components required for landscapes to be in equilibrium | Landscape Equilibrium Studies- Grossman 1982 study of 20 years data set in Indiana which found streams are non-equilibrium systems |
| Short Answer - Identify components required for landscapes to be in equilibrium | Landscape Equilibrium Studies- Ross 1985 found streams to be in equilibrium ; Comparison of Grossman and Ross study cannot be made due to differences of humn influences |
| Short Answer - Identify steps involved in determining appropriate model building. | 1.Define problem 2.Develop Conceptual Model 3.Select Model Type 4.Model Development 5.Computer Implementation 6. Parameter Estimation 7. Model Evaluation 8. Refine Model/Experimentation |
| Short Answer - Identify steps involved in determining appropriate model building. | Model building utilizes the scientific method to conduct a virtual experiment that can generate results that cannot otherwise be acquired due to time or cost constraints. |
| Short Answer - Compare and contrast R and K organisms. | R Organisms- early successional, short lived, reproduce early , no parental care, semeparous Ex: leopard darter, insects |
| Short Answer - Compare and contrast R and K organisms. | K Organisms- Late successional,long-lived, reproduce later, parental care, iteroparous Ex: mammals |
| 1. Describe how ecological systems are precursors to understanding role of disturbance in landscape ecology. | . |
| 1. Describe how ecological systems are precursors to understanding role of disturbance in landscape ecology. | . |
| 1. Describe how ecological systems are precursors to understanding role of disturbance in landscape ecology.. | , |
| 1. Describe how ecological systems are precursors to understanding role of disturbance in landscape ecology. | . |
| 2. Describe the influence of landscape position and pattern on intensity and severity of disturbance. | . |
| 2. Describe the influence of landscape position and pattern on intensity and severity of disturbance. | . |
| 2. Describe the influence of landscape position and pattern on intensity and severity of disturbance. | . |
| 2. Describe the influence of landscape position and pattern on intensity and severity of disturbance. | . . |
| 3. Describe factors which effect headwater stream biota including comparison of Sugar Creek and Olentangy River. | . |
| 3. Describe factors which effect headwater stream biota including comparison of Sugar Creek and Olentangy River. | . |
| 3. Describe factors which effect headwater stream biota including comparison of Sugar Creek and Olentangy River. | . |
| 3. Describe factors which effect headwater stream biota including comparison of Sugar Creek and Olentangy River. | . |
| 3. Describe factors which effect headwater stream biota including comparison of Sugar Creek and Olentangy River. | . |
Created by:
YoungbloodScience
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