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1. Complete a Punnett square crossing a homozygous dominant with a heterozygous. D D ----------------------- D DD DD ----------------------- d Dd Dd
10. What is the process of making RNA from a DNA template called? Transcription - takes place in the nucleus
11. Making an amino acid chain is called what? Where does it take place? Translation - At the ribosome in the cytoplasm
12. Define species. Organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring together.
13. How is protein sequencing used in determining evolutionary relationships? The more base sequences that have in common, the more closely related the two species are.
14. What happens when predators are removed from food webs and chains? The population directly beneath will rise, which in turn will cause the feeding level beneath that to fall.
15. How do lethal genetic diseases remain in the population? Usually in the form of recessive carriers.
16. If a brown guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig, and all the offspring turn out brown, which color is dominant? Brown
17. Give an example for sex-linked inheritance – how can you tell? Colorblindness & Hemophilia. It shows up more often in males than females. The allele is located on X chromosome.
18. Give an example of incomplete dominance – how can you tell? Pink snapdragons. Red X white makes pink, a third phenotype. Any time you see a third phenotype that is inbetween the parents. Black and white makes gray,
19. Give an example of codominance – how can you tell? A white chicken crossed with a black chicken = checkered black/white chicken. When both colors show up equally.
2. What are the genotype and phenotype ratios of the cross in #1? Genotype- 2:2:0 Phenotype- 4:0
20. In an energy pyramid, 90% of the energy is lost at each level as heat. What body processes generate this heat? (think of the characteristics of life.) All the processes of metabolism - growth, development, reproduction, movement, digestion, respiration, etc.
21. What is a karyotype? What is a Monosomy? What is a Trisomy? A diploid set of chromosomes arranged in pairs by decreasing size. A monosomy is when one chromosome is missing. Trisomy is when there is one extra.
22. What is a common disorder caused by a Monosomy? Trisomy? The most common Monosomy is Turners - Monosomy X The most common Trisomy is Down syndrome (Trisomy 23) and Klinefelter XXY.
23. Mutations in a gene will directly affect the production of what? Proteins
24. Define the process of natural selection. Survival and reproduction of the organisms that are best adapted to the environment
25. Draw a picture of a DNA molecule, label it’s parts. nucleotide, base pair, hydrogen bond, sugar, phosphate, base.
26. Give an example of a chance occurrence that could led to genetic drift. Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population. Things like a flood, epidemic, earthquake, etc.
27. Why is genetic variation in a population so important? It helps species survive catastrophic change.
28. What is a mutation? What types of thing cause them? What do they led to? Changes in the DNA. Exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation and extreme heat. They result in formation of the wrong protein which may cause genetic disorders.
29. A mutation in which type of cell would be passed on to the next generation? Sex cells
3. What is the driving force behind evolution? Natural selection
30. In the carbon cycle, which processes convert CO2 into sugar? Which process converts sugar into CO2? What does the burning of fossil fuels produce? Photosynthesis. Respiration. CO2
31. What are the 3 greenhouse gases? Water vapor, CO2, methane
32. What is geographic isolation, and what does it led to? A form of reporductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers. It leds to the formation of two separate species.
33. What is the difference between the terms genotype and phenotype? Genotype - gene types: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous. Phenotype - physical type, what does it physically look like.
34. What is the difference between a frame-shift mutation and a point shift mutation? Which is more damaging? Why? In a point shift mutation, there is a substitution in a single base pair. In a frame shift mutation, there has been a deletion or an insertion, so the entire reading of the sequence is shifted over, which is the most damaging type of gene mutation.
35. What is meant by the term nitrogen fixation? What two processes can undergo nitrogen fixation? The process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can use. Bacteria and lightening are needed for two separate processes.
36. What is the function of the digestive system and the circulatory system? The digestive system absorbs nutrients from food. The circulatory system transports nutrients & oxygen to cells and removes waste and CO2.
37. How does stomach acid help prevent disease? Stomach acids destroy bacteria and other pathogens in food we eat.
38. What is meant by the term antibiotic resistance? What do antibiotics kill? When bacteria are no longer killled by the antibiotic. Antibiotics do not kill viruses, only bacteria.
39. What is the difference between an infectious disease vs. a genetic disease? Infectious means it is caused by a pathogen. Genetic means it is caused by changes in a person's genes.
4. What is unique about each species DNA? The order of the bases
40. What is meant by the term gene pool? How do you know if evolution has occurred in a population? If there is a change in the allelic frequency the number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene,then evolution has occurred
5. What is cancer? Uncontrolled cell division caused by changes in the DNA
6. What process forms DNA? Replication
8. Traits are inherited by? Pairs of genes (alleles) from parent to offspring.
9. Use the chart in your textbook to decode the following strand of DNA first into RNA, then into a chain of amino acids. TAC – CGC – ATT DNA strand - TAC - CGC - ATT RNA strand - AUG -GCG -UAA Amino acids - Met - Ala - Stop
7. In a food chain, what is a producer? Give examples. An autotroph. Plants, algae and some bacteria.
Created by: Andrew1995
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