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Bio 223 S.G. 4
Integumentary System, Body Membranes, Overview Skeleton, Bones, & Cartilage
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integument | Considered organ system. Functions: Protection, insulates, cushions, mini-excretory system, metabolic duties. |
| Hypodermis | AKA superficial fascia, primarily adipose tissue, not part of the skin. |
| Keratinocytes | Integument Specialized Cell. Function to produce keratin fibrils. |
| Keratin | Fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities. |
| Melanocytes | Integument Specialized Cell. Spidery black cells that produce brown to black pigment called MELANIN. |
| Melanin | Brown to black pigment. Provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of the cells in the deeper epidermal layers, shielding their genetic material from damaging UV radiation. |
| Merkel Cells | Integument Specialized Cell. In conjuction with sensory nerve endings form sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction. |
| Meissner's Corpuscle | Found in the PAPILLARY LAYER of the DERMIS. They are the pain and touch receptors. |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | Found in the RETICULAR LAYER of the DERMIS. They are the pressure receptors. |
| Epidermis | Is avascular and is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Stratum Basale | Basal layer. Single row of cells adjacent to the DERMIS (lighter colored tissue). Constantly undergoing mitosis; 10% to 25% of the cells are MELANOCYTES. |
| Stratum Spinosum | Cells with spiny/jagged edges. Consists of several cell layers immediately superficial to the basal layer. Receive adquate nourishment. |
| Stratum Granulosum | Darkly stained granules. A thin layer, cells are flattened, organelles deteriorating, and at upper border, cells are beginning to die. |
| Stratum Lucidum | Lightly stained/clear layer. In thick skin (palms/soles of feet). Band of flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. NOT in regions of thin skin. |
| Stratum Corneum | Apical/Superficial layer. Horny layer. Some 20 to 30 cells thick and accounts for bulk of epidermal thickness. Are dead cells and are fully keratinized. Constantly rubbing off and being replaced. |
| Dermis | Dense irregular CT makes up DERMIS. Two regions, the PAPILLARY LAYER and RETICULAR LAYER. Varies in thickness. |
| Papillary Layer | Superficial dermal region composed of areolar CT. Abundant capillary networks in the papillary layer furnish nutrients for the epidermal layers and allow heat to radiate to the skin surface. |
| Dermal Papillae | In the PAPILLARY LAYER of the DERMIS. Finger like projections from it superior surface which attach PAPILLARY LAYER to the epidermis above. In palms of hands and soles of feet, produce fingerprints. |
| Reticular Layer | Deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular CT and contains arteries, veins, sweat and sebaceous glands. |
| Hair | Stucture consisting of a medulla, central region surrounded first by the cortex and then a protective cuticle. |
| Follicle | Stucture formed from both epidermal and dermal cells. Root sheaths is enclosed in dermal tissue. |
| Hair Shaft | Protrudes from epidermis. The portion projecting from the scalp surface. |
| Hair Bulb | Collection of well-nourished germinal epithial cells at the basal end of the follicle. Bulk of shaft is dead material. |
| Arrector Pili Muscle | Small bands of smooth muscle cells connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis. When muscles contract the slanted hair follicle is pulled upright. |
| Cutaneous Glands | Two categories: SEBACEOUS GLANDS and SWEAT GLANDS |
| Sebaceous Glands | Lack ducts, globular, associated with hair. Found all over the skin except for palms and soles of feet. Usually empties into a hair follicle, but some open directly onto skin surface. |
| Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands | Exocrine glands widely distributed all over the skin. Outlets are epithelial openings called pores. Categorized by composition of secretions. |
| Eccrine Glands | AKA merocrine sweat glands. Dense network of small ducts. Composed of stratified cubodial ET. Distributed over the body. Produced clear perspiration of water, salts, and urea. Important part of heat regulating apparatus. |
| Apocrine Glands | Loose network of large ducts. Found primarily in axillary and genital areas, secrete milky protein-and-fat rich substance. |
| Epithelial Membrane | A major membrane. A simple organ consisting of an epithelial sheet bound to an underlying layer of CT. Three common varieties: CUTANEOUS, MUCOUS, and SEROUS. |
| Cutaneous Membrane | An EPITHLIAL MEMBRANE. Tissue type: Keratinizing epithelium. Location: The skin. Function: Protection and covers body surface. |
| Mucous Membrane | An EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE. Tissue Type: Loose CT. Locations: Respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts. Functions: Secrete mucus, line body cavity open to exterior. |
| Goblet Cells | Located in MUCOUS MEMBRANE. Columnar epithelial cells with a lage mucus-containing vacuole in their apical cytoplasm. |
| Serous Membrane | An EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE. Tissue Type: Loose CT. Locations: Line body cavities closed to exterior. Interior of blood vessels and heart. Functions: Secrete thin fluid that lubricates the organs, body walls reducing friction as organs slide over each other. |
| Synovial Membrane | A major membrane. Tissue Type: Entirely CT. Locations: Line joint cavities. Functions: Provide smooth surface, secrete lubricating fluid. |
| Long Bone | Much longer than wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end, Predominantly compact bone. Such as the femur and phalanges. |
| Short Bone | Typically cube shaped and contain more spongy bone. Such as tarsals and carpals. |
| Flat Bone | Generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many are curved, such as the skull. |
| Irregular Bone | Bones that do not fall into one of the other categories, such as the vertebrae. |
| Sesamoid Bone | Special types of short bones formed in tendons, such as the patellas. |
| Diaphysis | It is the shaft of the Long Bone and has a smooth surface. |
| Periosteum | Fibrous membrane convering. Fibers penetrate into the bone. Composed of CT. |
| Epiphysis | The end of the long bone, composed of thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone. |
| Articular Cartilage | Covers the epiphyseal surface. Composed of glassy hyaline cartilage providing a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surface. |
| Epiphyseal Plate | A thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth. |
| Epiphyseal Lines | Once long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants. |
| Medullary Cavity | The central cavity of the shaft. In infants, the area is involved in forming blood cells. |
| Compact Bone | Looks smooth and is homogeneous. |
| Spongy Bone | AKA cancellous bone. Composed of Small trabeulae (bars) of bone and lots of open space. |
| Yellow Marrow | Found in the medullary cavity. Is a storage region for adipose tissue. |
| Red Marrow | In adult bones, red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, occupying the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone. |
| Endosteum | Lines the inside of the shaft. Also covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of compact bone. |
| Central (Haversian) Canal | Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels through the bony matrix. |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells. |
| Lacunae | Chambers in which the osteocytes are contained. |
| Lamellae | Concentric circles around the canal. |
| Osteon (Haversian system) | The central canal and all the concerntric lamellae surrounding it. |
| Canaliculi | Tiny canals radiating outward from the central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and the from lamella to lamella. Dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells to the nutrient supply. |
| Perforating (Volkmann's) canal | Connects osteons. Run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, at right angles to the shaft. Complete the communication pathway between the bone interior and its external surface. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give". Location: Trachea, larynx, costal cartilage. |
| Elastic Cartilage | Very flexible, tolerates repeated bending. Location: External ear and epiglottis. |
| Fibrocartilage | Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collegen fibers. Great tensile strength and withstand heavy compression. Location: Invertebral disks and cartilage within knee joints. |
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