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Second testt
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of carbon compounds | organic chemistry |
| carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding ___ other atoms. | four |
| ____ are molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon. | hydrocarbons |
| molecules which contain the same atoms but have those atoms arranged in a different pattern | isomers |
| three types of isomers | structural, geometric, enantiomers |
| molecules which contain the same atoms but have a different shape because the atoms are arranged differently; have the same formula, different connections. ex: butane, isobutane (methylbutane) | structural isomers |
| molecules which contain the same atoms but the groups around a double bond are arranged differently; same formula, same connections, different arrangement in space | geometric isomers |
| isomers that are mirror images of one another; same formula, same connections, different arrangement in space | enantiomers |
| ____ is attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms. the resulting mirror image compounds may have different biological activities. | asymmetric carbon |
| drug used to treat morning sickness in the 1950s. it caused multiple defects. | thalidomide |
| caused 10,000 to 20,000 cases of birth defects, including a condition known as phocomelia (severely-shortened appendages in infants; banned by the FDA in 1961 | R-enantiomer and S-enantiomer |
| a small number of ____ are key to the functioning of biological molecules | chemical groups |
| groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules | functional side groups |
| functional groups affect 3 things... | 1.physical characteristics of the molecule (size and shape) 2. chemical behavior (regions of molecule most commonly involved in chemical reactions) 3. chemical behavior of each type of functional groups is fairly consistent in all organic molecules |
| there are 7 general functional groups found in organic molecules | 1. hydroxyl-no charge like hydroxides 2. carbonyl 3. carboxyl 4. amino 5. sulfhydryl 6. phosphate 7. methyl |
| hydroxyl | -OH |
| carbonyl | -C=O |
| carboxyl | -COOH |
| amino | -NH2 |
| sulfhydryl | -SH |
| phosphate | -PO4 |
| methyl | -CH3 |
| oxygen is bonded to carbon backbone and to hydrogen atom; hydrophilic (polar); alcohols; polar because the electrons spend more time with the oxygen than the hydrogen; H bonds with water, can help dissolve organic compounds such as sugars | Hydroxyl group |
| if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton | aldehyde |
| carbonyl group is in the middle of the chain, such as in acetone | ketone |
| ____ and ____ are two examples of structural isomers with different properties | propanal and acetone |
| polar; called acids because they donate protons whereas bases accept protons; takes a -1 charge upon losing the H+ ion | carboxyl group |
| acts as a base, will accept a hydrogen ion from water in living systems, takes on a +1 charge; have both an amino acid and a carboxylic group | amino group |
| compounds such as glycine have both a carboxyl group and an amine group, and is called ______. | an amino acid |
| sulfur atoms form 2 covalent bonds; this group is important in holding structural arrangements of proteins by forming disulfide bonds; can form a covalent bond to help stabilize protein structure | sulfhydryl group |
| cross linking of cysteine (amino acids) residues in hair proteins is what determines straightness or curliness of hair; when a person gets a perm, they are basically shaping the hair around a curler, then breaking and re-forming these cysteine bonds | sulfydryl group |
| polar; important energy transfer in cells; energy carrier (stored) molecules: ATP; contributes a -2 charge to a molecule when found at the end, and a -1 charge when located internally | phosphate group |
| non-polar(electrons shared equally);the arrangement of this in sex hormones can also affect their shape and function | methyl group |
| ____ are polymers that are built from monomers | macromolecules |
| long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. | polymers |
| a subunit (or building block) of a polymer | monomer |
| the bonding of many small subunits (monomers) to form long molecules | polymerization |
| the reaction that forms a polymer from monomers | polymerization reaction |
| polymerization reactions in which the covalent linkage of the monomers is accompanied by the "removal" of a water molecule | condensation reactions, also called dehydration synthesis reaction |
| the breaking of a covalent bond between two monomers by the addition of water | hydrolysis |
| _____ removes water molecule, forming a new bond. | dehydration |
| _____ adds water molecules, breaking a bond. | hydrolysis |
| organic molecules made of sugars and their polymers. consists of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides | carbohydrates |
| monomers of simple sugars; carbohydrates contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen-combined in a 1:2:1 ratio; ex: glucose (C6H12O6); the simplest forms of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| consists of 2 monosaccharides joined covalently during a dehydration reaction; ex: maltose(used to produce beer), sucrose(table sugar), and lactose( a sugar found in milk). | disaccharides |
| _____ is formed to covalently bond two glucose molecules together since water is lost. | glycosidic linkage |
| enormous molecules consisting of a hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides held together by a glycosidic link. can be used for storage, or as building material for structures that protect the cell. | polysaccharides |
| _____ are used as fuels and building materials. | carbohydrates |
| 4 biological macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| used by plants and animals. plants use starch, a polymer of glucose monomers. | storage polysaccharides |
| stored mainly in liver and muscle cells, they are hydrolyzed as the demand for energy is needed; this energy source is depleted within a day unless replenished by consumption of carbohydrates. this is why low-carb diets leave you low on energy | storage polysaccharides |
| ____ is a major cellular energy source, so plants form starch as a source of cellular glucose. | glucose |
| when the bonds between glucose molecules are ______ the energy stored in these bonds is released. | hydrolyzed, or broken |
| in aqueous solutions, monossaccharides with 5 or more carbons in the skeleton form ____. | ring structures. |
| the chemical equilibrium favors the __1__ over the __2__. | 1. ring structure 2. straight chain |
| animals store a polysaccharide called ____, an extremely branched polymer made up of glucose monomers. | glycogen |
| a disaccharide made up of 2 glucose molecules. | maltose |
| a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose. | lactose |
| a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose. | sucrose |
| macromolecules that are polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides. | polysaccharides |
| formed by enzyme-mediated condensation reactions. | polysaccharides |
| biological functions: energy storage(starch and glycogen), structural support(cellulose and chitin) | polysaccharides |
| ____ is a major component of cell walls. it is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. plants make about 100 billion tons of it per year. reinforces plant cell walls. | cellulose |
| a polymer composed of glucose monomers, but the glycosidic linkages are different because there are 2 different ring forms of glucose | structural polysaccharides |
| a glucose polymer that is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants | starch |
| a glucose polymer that is used as a storage polysaccharide in animals | glycogen |
| process by which athletes are able to double or triple the amount of glycogen stored in their muscles. used to delay the onset of muscle fatigue. a 2 phase process | carb-loading |
| begins about a week before competition. extremely low-carb diet and rigorous exercise. the first phase of carb-loading. | depletion phase |
| 2 days before competition. super high-carb diet and no exercise. achieves a blood glucose level that is higher than necessary, so excess glucose gets converted to glycogen. the second phase of carb-loading. | loading phase |
| ___ are mostly hydrophobic molecules with diverse functions. a diverse group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water, but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents(ether, chloroform, benzene) | lipids |
| the first stages of any diet usually involve _____ weight loss. this is bc glycogen is being depleted in the muscles and liver as caloric intake is reduced | rapid and dramatic |
| every ounce of glycogen in the body can have as much as _____ of water bound to it. | four ounces |
| ____ hold the cellulose strands together. | hydrogen bonds |
| a structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar. forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. found in the cells walls of some fungi | chitin |
| 3 important types of lipids. | fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
| a function of fats and oils is ____. one gram of fat stores twice as much energy in its chemical bonds as one gram of polysaccharide. | energy storage. |
| because of the higher energy per gram, _____ is more compact with fats and oils that with carbohydrates. | energy storage. |
| fats are enormous amounts of energy. bec of this, humans have actually evolved an extremely strong taste preference for foods that are high in fats. |
Created by:
carliee
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