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Homeostasis Unit
Gr12 bio last unit
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| Define Homeostasis | A process that maintains a constant internal environment in the body due to external influences. |
| What are the 3 control systems of homeostasis? | Monitor, Coordinating Center, Regulator/Affector |
| Define Negative Feedback | Restores the body back to acceptable levels. ex. body temperature |
| Define Positive Feedback | Promotes change in the body away from acceptable levels. ex. birthing process |
| In a thermostat, what does the coil represent and do? | Monitor - coil expands and contracts to change thermometer. |
| In a thermostat, what does the thermostat represent and do? | Coordinating Center - receives msg from monitor and sends a signal to the next part. |
| In a thermostat, what does the furnace and air conditioner represent and do? | Regulator/Affector - receives msg and turns the heat up or down. |
| How does the body react to a blood pressure drop? | Medulla Brain(Monitor + Coordinating Center) senses the change in blood pressure. Sends a signal to body(regulator/affector) to constrict blood vessels. Blood vessels constrict causes the blood pressure to rise and return to normal. |
| What is the order of the 6 control systems? | NMCRAN - Normal range, Monitors, Coordinating Center, Regulators, Adjustments, Normal range. |
| Explain thermoregulation | Maintaining a body temperature that is within acceptable range for cells to function efficiently. |
| Hyperthermia | Greater than 40 degrees Celsius, exhaustion, mental confusion, nausea, headache, dizziness, fainting, hot dry skin( no more sweating), brain damage |
| Hypothermia | Less than 35 degrees Celsius, slurred speech, fatigue, loss of consciousness. |
| EcTotherms | Cold blooded, fish, reptiles, relies on the air temperature to regulate metabolic rates |
| EnDotherms, D for dumb humans | Warm blooded, mammals, birds, maintains a constant body temperature by relying on hypothalamus in the brain |
| When the temperature is HOT: HEAT STRESS | Blood vessels dilate to bring the blood closer to the surface of skin on extremities to lower temperature. |
| When the temperature is COLD: COLD STRESS | Blood vessels constrict to save heat to the core. Shivering is constriction of muscles trying to warm up. Doing the windmill with arm pushes blood to fingers. |
| Excretion | Removal of metabolic wastes, body does not want. |
| Secretion | production of materials exported by cells to use elsewhere in the body. |
| Role of kidney? | removing wastes, balancing blood pH, maintaining water balance |
| Process of eliminating waste: | Eat food(protein), extra AA created, goes to liver to be deaminated(remove 1 amino group), turns into ammonia, ammonia is toxic so in liver 2 ammonias and 1 CO2 bind to create urea. Urea is still toxic and dissolved by the blood, uric acid is byproduct |
| How many liters of water must a person have each day? | 2L |
| What does a contractile vacuole do? | In a bacteria, it collects wastes and expels the fluid out |
| What are the 3 main steps of urine production? | Filtration, Re-absorption, Secretion |
| Filtration | Fluid from blood filtered and sent to Bowman's capsule |
| Re-absorption | Nephron reabsorbs useful fluid needed by body |
| Secretion | Movement of materials |
| Nephron | The filtration system in the kidneys. |
| Bowman's Capsule | Surrounds and receives fluids from the blood through the glomerulus. |
| Glomerulus | Encased and bringing blood in and out of the Bowman's capsule. |
| Parts of the urinary system in humans: | Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra |
| Parts of the kidney: | Cortex, medulla, pelvis, renal artery, renal vein |
| Function of kidneys: | Removal of wastes, balancing pH, water balance |
| How is water balanced? | Nervous and endocrine system |
| What does ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) do? | regulates the osmotic pressure of body fluids by causing kidneys to increase water reabsorption. |
| What is an osmoregulator(ex. nerve receptors)? | Located in the hypothalamus to detect osmotic pressure changes and decides when to release ADH. |
| Endocrine System | Hormones, slow, puberty |
| Nervous System | Electric signals, fast, stressed situations |
| Children are able to survive long durations of extreme cold because of what kind of fat? | Brown fat |
| How many times toxic is ammonia than urea? | 100,000 |
| Chemical Signalling in Endocrine system: | Maintains signals over long distances for a long period of time. Blood vessels and endocrine cells(make hormones) |
| Chemical signalling in Nervous system: | Enables the body to adjust changes in the environment quickly. Neuron cells |
| Endocrine Hormones | Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood. |
| GH | Growth Hormone - regulates development of long bones |
| Insulin | regulates blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose |
| Epinephrine/adrenaline | produced when stressed |
| Do hormones affect all cells? | No, cells may have only 1 receptor for 1 hormone but not another. |
| Steroid Hormone Types | Hormone diffuses out of cell. Hormone diffuses into target cell and attaches to receptor molecule. hormone receptor complex moves into nucleus and attaches to DNA. A gene is activated in the DNA initiated protein synthesis. |
| Protein Hormone Types | Hormone is released from cell. Hormone attaches to receptor site on the outside of cell membrane. Hormone receptor promotes the formation of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP acts as a messenger and activates enzymes. |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland, controls the endocrine glands, brain, anterior and posterior lobes. |
| Anterior Lobe | Lots of hormones produced more like endocrine things and metabolic, growth |
| Posterior Lobe | Only 2 hormones produced. Oxytoxin and ADH |
| Oxytoxin | Initiates strong contractiosn in the uterus, milk release in lactating females |
| TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone, used to regulate metabolism in thyroid |
| ACTH | Release hormones for stress responses |
| Hyperthyroidism | Increased T4, nothing stored |
| Hypothyroidism | Decreased T4, things absorbed |
| Goiter | Inadequate levels of iodine amounts in thyroid, causing neck swelling. Thyroxine levels drop and TSH uncontrolled so the thyroid is stimulated and swells. |
| PTH(Parathyroid Hormone) | Increases calcium and decreases phosphates in blood, produced in parathyroid(circles in thyroid gland) |
| Removal of PTH | Tetanus, abnormal muscle twitching, low calcium, death |
| All the endocrine glands | Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, hypothalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, ovary, testes |
| Difference between GH and gastrin? | GH - stimulate many non-target cells, Gastrin - stimulate few target cells only |
| Adrenal Glands | Located on top of each kidney and look like a hat. Make epinephrine/norepinephrine and glycogen |
| Importance of Glucagon | Glucagon increases blood sugar levels. |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar rising sharply |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Early on-set diabetes, childhood, body does not produce insulin. |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Later on-set diabetes, adult, body produces insulin but ineffective. |
| Type 3 diabetes mellitus | Pregnant mothers get it |
| Beta cells produce: | insulin, BIga |
| Alpha cells produce: | glucagon, biGA |
| What does the adrenal cortex produce? | cortisol - long term stress, needs sleep to regenerate immune system |
| List steps in Negative Feedback: | When metabolic rate decreases, the hypothalamus releases TRH(thyroid releasing hormone), then pituitary stimulated and releases TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone), then thyroid releases T4. when high levels of T4 are produced, it's turned off by the TRH.HPT |
| Thyroxine AKA: | T4 |
| HPT | Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid |
| Nervous system is made of these 2 divisions: | CNS and PNS, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| CNS | central nervous system - brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system - network of nerves that links to spinal cord and all body parts |
| What is the nerve cell that starts with a G? | Glial(neurological), ONLY non conducting cell that is important for structure |
| What is the nerve cell that starts with a N? | Neurons(inter, motor), functional units of the nervous system, conducts nerve impulses NOT electricity |
| What is the nerve cell that starts with a S? | Sensory - senses and relays information to CNS, in clusters called ganglia, outside of spinal cord |
| Where are interneurons found? | Mainly in the CNS relaying information between neurons. |
| Motor Neurons are found where? | muscles, organs, glands to relay information to effectors. |
| The Nervous system is made of 2 systems: | CNS and PNS |
| The PNS is made of 2 types of NERVES: | Somatic(voluntary) and autonomi(involuntary) |
| Voluntary somatic nerves are split into: | sensory and motor |
| Autonomic nerves are split into: | Sympathetic(stress) and parasympathetic(return to normal) |
| CNS is made of 2 parts: | brain and spinal cord |
| Afferent | moving AWAY from central organ to brain |
| Efferent | delivering message to a central organ from brain |
Created by:
bioger
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